Void Avoiding Opportunistic Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey
One of the most challenging issues in the routing protocols for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is the occurrence of void areas (communication void). That is, when void areas are present, the data packets could be trapped in a sensor node and cannot be sent further to reach the sink(s) d...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9525 |
| _version_ | 1797462032497246208 |
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| author | Rogaia Mhemed William Phillips Frank Comeau Nauman Aslam |
| author_facet | Rogaia Mhemed William Phillips Frank Comeau Nauman Aslam |
| author_sort | Rogaia Mhemed |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | One of the most challenging issues in the routing protocols for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is the occurrence of void areas (communication void). That is, when void areas are present, the data packets could be trapped in a sensor node and cannot be sent further to reach the sink(s) due to the features of the UWSNs environment and/or the configuration of the network itself. Opportunistic routing (OR) is an innovative prototype in routing for UWSNs. In routing protocols employing the OR technique, the most suitable sensor node according to the criteria adopted by the protocol rules will be elected as a next-hop forwarder node to forward the data packets first. This routing method takes advantage of the broadcast nature of wireless sensor networks. OR has made a noticeable improvement in the sensor networks’ performance in terms of efficiency, throughput, and reliability. Several routing protocols that utilize OR in UWSNs have been proposed to extend the lifetime of the network and maintain its connectivity by addressing void areas. In addition, a number of survey papers were presented in routing protocols with different points of approach. Our paper focuses on reviewing void avoiding OR protocols. In this paper, we briefly present the basic concept of OR and its building blocks. We also indicate the concept of the void area and list the reasons that could lead to its occurrence, as well as reviewing the state-of-the-art OR protocols proposed for this challenging area and presenting their strengths and weaknesses. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:31:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3974ad6a51514e889c156c3fd27c3579 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:31:45Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-3974ad6a51514e889c156c3fd27c35792023-11-24T12:15:48ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202022-12-012223952510.3390/s22239525Void Avoiding Opportunistic Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: A SurveyRogaia Mhemed0William Phillips1Frank Comeau2Nauman Aslam3Department of Engineering Mathematics and Internetworking, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, CanadaDepartment of Engineering Mathematics and Internetworking, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, CanadaDepartment of Engineering, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, CanadaSchool of Computing Engineering and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UKOne of the most challenging issues in the routing protocols for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is the occurrence of void areas (communication void). That is, when void areas are present, the data packets could be trapped in a sensor node and cannot be sent further to reach the sink(s) due to the features of the UWSNs environment and/or the configuration of the network itself. Opportunistic routing (OR) is an innovative prototype in routing for UWSNs. In routing protocols employing the OR technique, the most suitable sensor node according to the criteria adopted by the protocol rules will be elected as a next-hop forwarder node to forward the data packets first. This routing method takes advantage of the broadcast nature of wireless sensor networks. OR has made a noticeable improvement in the sensor networks’ performance in terms of efficiency, throughput, and reliability. Several routing protocols that utilize OR in UWSNs have been proposed to extend the lifetime of the network and maintain its connectivity by addressing void areas. In addition, a number of survey papers were presented in routing protocols with different points of approach. Our paper focuses on reviewing void avoiding OR protocols. In this paper, we briefly present the basic concept of OR and its building blocks. We also indicate the concept of the void area and list the reasons that could lead to its occurrence, as well as reviewing the state-of-the-art OR protocols proposed for this challenging area and presenting their strengths and weaknesses.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9525void avoidingopportunistic routing (OR)underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs)void arearouting |
| spellingShingle | Rogaia Mhemed William Phillips Frank Comeau Nauman Aslam Void Avoiding Opportunistic Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey Sensors void avoiding opportunistic routing (OR) underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) void area routing |
| title | Void Avoiding Opportunistic Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey |
| title_full | Void Avoiding Opportunistic Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey |
| title_fullStr | Void Avoiding Opportunistic Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey |
| title_full_unstemmed | Void Avoiding Opportunistic Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey |
| title_short | Void Avoiding Opportunistic Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey |
| title_sort | void avoiding opportunistic routing protocols for underwater wireless sensor networks a survey |
| topic | void avoiding opportunistic routing (OR) underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) void area routing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9525 |
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