Material characterization and selection for 3D-printed spine models
Abstract The two most popular models used in anatomical training for residents, clinicians, or surgeons are cadavers and sawbones. The former is extremely costly and difficult to attain due to cost, ethical implications, and availability, while the latter is said to not have the same tactile fidelit...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2018-10-01
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| Series: | 3D Printing in Medicine |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s41205-018-0032-9 |
| _version_ | 1818067686267027456 |
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| author | John Hao Raj Nangunoori Ying Ying Wu Mabaran Rajaraman Daniel Cook Alex Yu Boyle Cheng Kenji Shimada |
| author_facet | John Hao Raj Nangunoori Ying Ying Wu Mabaran Rajaraman Daniel Cook Alex Yu Boyle Cheng Kenji Shimada |
| author_sort | John Hao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The two most popular models used in anatomical training for residents, clinicians, or surgeons are cadavers and sawbones. The former is extremely costly and difficult to attain due to cost, ethical implications, and availability, while the latter is said to not have the same tactile fidelity or mechanical properties as human bone. This study examined the potential use of 3D-printed phantoms to emulate cadaveric, human vertebrae, in hopes of acting as a future use over cadavers. In so doing, we developed 3D-printed MedPhantom®, with the intended use to offer similar tactile feel, mechanical characteristics, and visual appearance as human bone. In order to quantify tactility, a mechanical test was developed where a 5-mm diameter diamond-coated bur spinning at 75,000 RPM swept across the specimens while continuously recording the resultant forces (N) and moments (N-cm), The bur sweep motion is common in orthopedic surgery and neurosurgery. Since most 3D-prints do not offer internal, trabecular structure similar to bone, an algorithm was written to create a stochastic framework of internal mesh to mimic cancellous bone within an STL (stereolithography) file. The ranges of mesh parameters were chosen after several visits with the neurosurgeons participating in the project. In order to quantify structural combinations of wall thickness, gap sizes, and varying cylindrical radii within a print, 1000 RPM compression test with a 5-mm diamond-coated bur was performed with resultant forces (N). Two sample t-test shows statistical significance that samples are not equal to the vertebrae (p < 0.05). Results from the bur sweep test showed 15% Gypsum® powder mixed with 100% Clear® Formlabs resin and 10% Castable® resin mixed with 90% Clear® resin were nearest to human, cadaveric vertebrae, with the difference of force and moment in the x-direction at only 5 N and 7–9 N-cm, respectively. Structural compression results showed that a 2 mm cortical wall, 4 mm or 5 mm gap size between cylinders inside the structure, and 0.25 mm radius of internal cylinders were the best fit parameters to match human vertebrae. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-10T15:27:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-39879c1492a045eea11f434b7c37171a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2365-6271 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-10T15:27:37Z |
| publishDate | 2018-10-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | 3D Printing in Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-39879c1492a045eea11f434b7c37171a2022-12-22T01:43:30ZengBMC3D Printing in Medicine2365-62712018-10-014111710.1186/s41205-018-0032-9Material characterization and selection for 3D-printed spine modelsJohn Hao0Raj Nangunoori1Ying Ying Wu2Mabaran Rajaraman3Daniel Cook4Alex Yu5Boyle Cheng6Kenji Shimada7Carnegie Mellon University, Carnegie Institute of Technology, CERLABAllegheny General Hospital, Department of NeurosurgeryCarnegie Mellon University, Carnegie Institute of Technology, CERLABCarnegie Mellon University, Carnegie Institute of Technology, CERLABAllegheny General Hospital, Department of NeurosurgeryAllegheny General Hospital, Department of NeurosurgeryAllegheny General Hospital, Department of NeurosurgeryCarnegie Mellon University, Carnegie Institute of Technology, CERLABAbstract The two most popular models used in anatomical training for residents, clinicians, or surgeons are cadavers and sawbones. The former is extremely costly and difficult to attain due to cost, ethical implications, and availability, while the latter is said to not have the same tactile fidelity or mechanical properties as human bone. This study examined the potential use of 3D-printed phantoms to emulate cadaveric, human vertebrae, in hopes of acting as a future use over cadavers. In so doing, we developed 3D-printed MedPhantom®, with the intended use to offer similar tactile feel, mechanical characteristics, and visual appearance as human bone. In order to quantify tactility, a mechanical test was developed where a 5-mm diameter diamond-coated bur spinning at 75,000 RPM swept across the specimens while continuously recording the resultant forces (N) and moments (N-cm), The bur sweep motion is common in orthopedic surgery and neurosurgery. Since most 3D-prints do not offer internal, trabecular structure similar to bone, an algorithm was written to create a stochastic framework of internal mesh to mimic cancellous bone within an STL (stereolithography) file. The ranges of mesh parameters were chosen after several visits with the neurosurgeons participating in the project. In order to quantify structural combinations of wall thickness, gap sizes, and varying cylindrical radii within a print, 1000 RPM compression test with a 5-mm diamond-coated bur was performed with resultant forces (N). Two sample t-test shows statistical significance that samples are not equal to the vertebrae (p < 0.05). Results from the bur sweep test showed 15% Gypsum® powder mixed with 100% Clear® Formlabs resin and 10% Castable® resin mixed with 90% Clear® resin were nearest to human, cadaveric vertebrae, with the difference of force and moment in the x-direction at only 5 N and 7–9 N-cm, respectively. Structural compression results showed that a 2 mm cortical wall, 4 mm or 5 mm gap size between cylinders inside the structure, and 0.25 mm radius of internal cylinders were the best fit parameters to match human vertebrae.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s41205-018-0032-93D-printing3D-printBiomechanicsBoneCadaverMaterials |
| spellingShingle | John Hao Raj Nangunoori Ying Ying Wu Mabaran Rajaraman Daniel Cook Alex Yu Boyle Cheng Kenji Shimada Material characterization and selection for 3D-printed spine models 3D Printing in Medicine 3D-printing 3D-print Biomechanics Bone Cadaver Materials |
| title | Material characterization and selection for 3D-printed spine models |
| title_full | Material characterization and selection for 3D-printed spine models |
| title_fullStr | Material characterization and selection for 3D-printed spine models |
| title_full_unstemmed | Material characterization and selection for 3D-printed spine models |
| title_short | Material characterization and selection for 3D-printed spine models |
| title_sort | material characterization and selection for 3d printed spine models |
| topic | 3D-printing 3D-print Biomechanics Bone Cadaver Materials |
| url | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s41205-018-0032-9 |
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