The Role of Autophagy and Apoptosis in Affected Skin and Lungs in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex autoimmune inflammatory disorder with multiple organ involvement. Skin changes present the hallmark of SSc and coincide with poor prognosis. Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are the most widely reported complications in SSc patients and the primary cause of deat...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/13/11212 |
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| author | Vesna Spasovski Marina Andjelkovic Marina Parezanovic Jovana Komazec Milena Ugrin Kristel Klaassen Maja Stojiljkovic |
| author_facet | Vesna Spasovski Marina Andjelkovic Marina Parezanovic Jovana Komazec Milena Ugrin Kristel Klaassen Maja Stojiljkovic |
| author_sort | Vesna Spasovski |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex autoimmune inflammatory disorder with multiple organ involvement. Skin changes present the hallmark of SSc and coincide with poor prognosis. Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are the most widely reported complications in SSc patients and the primary cause of death. It has been proposed that the processes of autophagy and apoptosis could play a significant role in the pathogenesis and clinical course of different autoimmune diseases, and accordingly in SSc. In this manuscript, we review the current knowledge of autophagy and apoptosis processes in the skin and lungs of patients with SSc. Profiling of markers involved in these processes in skin cells can be useful to recognize the stage of fibrosis and can be used in the clinical stratification of patients. Furthermore, the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes enables the repurposing of already known drugs and the development of new biological therapeutics that aim to reverse fibrosis by promoting apoptosis and regulate autophagy in personalized treatment approach. In SSc-ILD patients, the molecular signature of the lung tissues of each patient could be a distinctive criterion in order to establish the correct lung pattern, which directly impacts the course and prognosis of the disease. In this case, resolving the role of tissue-specific markers, which could be detected in the circulation using sensitive molecular methods, would be an important step toward development of non-invasive diagnostic procedures that enable early and precise diagnosis and preventing the high mortality of this rare disease. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:37:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3999cbfb118e4ce9a16c0be8ece92a5c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:37:55Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-3999cbfb118e4ce9a16c0be8ece92a5c2023-11-18T16:49:45ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-07-0124131121210.3390/ijms241311212The Role of Autophagy and Apoptosis in Affected Skin and Lungs in Patients with Systemic SclerosisVesna Spasovski0Marina Andjelkovic1Marina Parezanovic2Jovana Komazec3Milena Ugrin4Kristel Klaassen5Maja Stojiljkovic6Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade, SerbiaInstitute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade, SerbiaInstitute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade, SerbiaInstitute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade, SerbiaInstitute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade, SerbiaInstitute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade, SerbiaInstitute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade, SerbiaSystemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex autoimmune inflammatory disorder with multiple organ involvement. Skin changes present the hallmark of SSc and coincide with poor prognosis. Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are the most widely reported complications in SSc patients and the primary cause of death. It has been proposed that the processes of autophagy and apoptosis could play a significant role in the pathogenesis and clinical course of different autoimmune diseases, and accordingly in SSc. In this manuscript, we review the current knowledge of autophagy and apoptosis processes in the skin and lungs of patients with SSc. Profiling of markers involved in these processes in skin cells can be useful to recognize the stage of fibrosis and can be used in the clinical stratification of patients. Furthermore, the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes enables the repurposing of already known drugs and the development of new biological therapeutics that aim to reverse fibrosis by promoting apoptosis and regulate autophagy in personalized treatment approach. In SSc-ILD patients, the molecular signature of the lung tissues of each patient could be a distinctive criterion in order to establish the correct lung pattern, which directly impacts the course and prognosis of the disease. In this case, resolving the role of tissue-specific markers, which could be detected in the circulation using sensitive molecular methods, would be an important step toward development of non-invasive diagnostic procedures that enable early and precise diagnosis and preventing the high mortality of this rare disease.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/13/11212SScskin fibrosisSSc-ILDautophagyapoptosis |
| spellingShingle | Vesna Spasovski Marina Andjelkovic Marina Parezanovic Jovana Komazec Milena Ugrin Kristel Klaassen Maja Stojiljkovic The Role of Autophagy and Apoptosis in Affected Skin and Lungs in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis International Journal of Molecular Sciences SSc skin fibrosis SSc-ILD autophagy apoptosis |
| title | The Role of Autophagy and Apoptosis in Affected Skin and Lungs in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis |
| title_full | The Role of Autophagy and Apoptosis in Affected Skin and Lungs in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis |
| title_fullStr | The Role of Autophagy and Apoptosis in Affected Skin and Lungs in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Role of Autophagy and Apoptosis in Affected Skin and Lungs in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis |
| title_short | The Role of Autophagy and Apoptosis in Affected Skin and Lungs in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis |
| title_sort | role of autophagy and apoptosis in affected skin and lungs in patients with systemic sclerosis |
| topic | SSc skin fibrosis SSc-ILD autophagy apoptosis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/13/11212 |
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