Saxitoxin Group Toxins Accumulation Induces Antioxidant Responses in Tissues of <i>Mytilus chilensis</i>, <i>Ameghinomya antiqua</i>, and <i>Concholepas concholepas</i> during a Bloom of <i>Alexandrium pacificum</i>
Saxitoxin (STX) group toxins consist of a set of analogues which are produced by harmful algal blooms (HABs). During a HAB, filter-feeding marine organisms accumulate the dinoflagellates and concentrate the toxins in the tissues. In this study, we analyze the changes in antioxidant enzymes and oxida...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/2/392 |
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| author | Javiera Oyaneder-Terrazas Diego Figueroa Oscar F. Araneda Carlos García |
| author_facet | Javiera Oyaneder-Terrazas Diego Figueroa Oscar F. Araneda Carlos García |
| author_sort | Javiera Oyaneder-Terrazas |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Saxitoxin (STX) group toxins consist of a set of analogues which are produced by harmful algal blooms (HABs). During a HAB, filter-feeding marine organisms accumulate the dinoflagellates and concentrate the toxins in the tissues. In this study, we analyze the changes in antioxidant enzymes and oxidative damage in the bivalves <i>Mytilus chilensis</i> and <i>Ameghinomya antiqua</i>, and the gastropod <i>Concholepas concholepas</i> during a bloom of <i>Alexandrium pacificum</i>. The results show that during the exponential phase of the bloom bivalves show an increase in toxicity and activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathinoe reductase, <i>p</i> < 0.05), while in the gastropods, increased activity of antioxidant enzymes was associated with the bioaccumulation of toxins through the diet. At the end of the bloom, decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes in the visceral and non-visceral tissues was detected in the bivalves, with an increase in oxidative damage (<i>p</i> < 0.05), in which the latter is correlated with the detection of the most toxic analogues of the STX-group (r = 0.988). In conclusion, in areas with high incidence of blooms, shellfish show a high activity of antioxidants, however, during the stages involving the distribution and bioconversion of toxins, there is decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes resulting in oxidative damage. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:43:22Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-399bcc66e28446cca6ee690ef34e86d9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:43:22Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-399bcc66e28446cca6ee690ef34e86d92023-11-23T18:33:05ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212022-02-0111239210.3390/antiox11020392Saxitoxin Group Toxins Accumulation Induces Antioxidant Responses in Tissues of <i>Mytilus chilensis</i>, <i>Ameghinomya antiqua</i>, and <i>Concholepas concholepas</i> during a Bloom of <i>Alexandrium pacificum</i>Javiera Oyaneder-Terrazas0Diego Figueroa1Oscar F. Araneda2Carlos García3Laboratory of Marine Toxins, Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, ChileLaboratory of Marine Toxins, Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, ChileIntegrative Laboratory of Biomechanics and Physiology of Effort, Kinesiology School, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago 8320000, ChileLaboratory of Marine Toxins, Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, ChileSaxitoxin (STX) group toxins consist of a set of analogues which are produced by harmful algal blooms (HABs). During a HAB, filter-feeding marine organisms accumulate the dinoflagellates and concentrate the toxins in the tissues. In this study, we analyze the changes in antioxidant enzymes and oxidative damage in the bivalves <i>Mytilus chilensis</i> and <i>Ameghinomya antiqua</i>, and the gastropod <i>Concholepas concholepas</i> during a bloom of <i>Alexandrium pacificum</i>. The results show that during the exponential phase of the bloom bivalves show an increase in toxicity and activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathinoe reductase, <i>p</i> < 0.05), while in the gastropods, increased activity of antioxidant enzymes was associated with the bioaccumulation of toxins through the diet. At the end of the bloom, decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes in the visceral and non-visceral tissues was detected in the bivalves, with an increase in oxidative damage (<i>p</i> < 0.05), in which the latter is correlated with the detection of the most toxic analogues of the STX-group (r = 0.988). In conclusion, in areas with high incidence of blooms, shellfish show a high activity of antioxidants, however, during the stages involving the distribution and bioconversion of toxins, there is decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes resulting in oxidative damage.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/2/392saxitoxinoxidative stressantioxidant defensesbivalvesgastropods<i>Alexandrium pacificum</i> |
| spellingShingle | Javiera Oyaneder-Terrazas Diego Figueroa Oscar F. Araneda Carlos García Saxitoxin Group Toxins Accumulation Induces Antioxidant Responses in Tissues of <i>Mytilus chilensis</i>, <i>Ameghinomya antiqua</i>, and <i>Concholepas concholepas</i> during a Bloom of <i>Alexandrium pacificum</i> Antioxidants saxitoxin oxidative stress antioxidant defenses bivalves gastropods <i>Alexandrium pacificum</i> |
| title | Saxitoxin Group Toxins Accumulation Induces Antioxidant Responses in Tissues of <i>Mytilus chilensis</i>, <i>Ameghinomya antiqua</i>, and <i>Concholepas concholepas</i> during a Bloom of <i>Alexandrium pacificum</i> |
| title_full | Saxitoxin Group Toxins Accumulation Induces Antioxidant Responses in Tissues of <i>Mytilus chilensis</i>, <i>Ameghinomya antiqua</i>, and <i>Concholepas concholepas</i> during a Bloom of <i>Alexandrium pacificum</i> |
| title_fullStr | Saxitoxin Group Toxins Accumulation Induces Antioxidant Responses in Tissues of <i>Mytilus chilensis</i>, <i>Ameghinomya antiqua</i>, and <i>Concholepas concholepas</i> during a Bloom of <i>Alexandrium pacificum</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Saxitoxin Group Toxins Accumulation Induces Antioxidant Responses in Tissues of <i>Mytilus chilensis</i>, <i>Ameghinomya antiqua</i>, and <i>Concholepas concholepas</i> during a Bloom of <i>Alexandrium pacificum</i> |
| title_short | Saxitoxin Group Toxins Accumulation Induces Antioxidant Responses in Tissues of <i>Mytilus chilensis</i>, <i>Ameghinomya antiqua</i>, and <i>Concholepas concholepas</i> during a Bloom of <i>Alexandrium pacificum</i> |
| title_sort | saxitoxin group toxins accumulation induces antioxidant responses in tissues of i mytilus chilensis i i ameghinomya antiqua i and i concholepas concholepas i during a bloom of i alexandrium pacificum i |
| topic | saxitoxin oxidative stress antioxidant defenses bivalves gastropods <i>Alexandrium pacificum</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/2/392 |
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