Optimisation of a Greener-Approach for the Synthesis of Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges for the Solubility Enhancement of Domperidone, a BCS Class II Drug
BCS class II molecules suffer from low oral bioavailability because of their poor permeability and sub-optimal aqueous solubility. One of the approaches to enhance their bioavailability is using cyclodextrin-based nanosponges. This study aimed to optimise and evaluate the feasibility of a microwave-...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-04-01
|
| Series: | Pharmaceuticals |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/16/4/567 |
| _version_ | 1797603867696824320 |
|---|---|
| author | Mohit Vij Neha Dand Lalit Kumar Pankaj Wadhwa Shahid Ud Din Wani Wael A. Mahdi Sultan Alshehri Prawez Alam Faiyaz Shakeel |
| author_facet | Mohit Vij Neha Dand Lalit Kumar Pankaj Wadhwa Shahid Ud Din Wani Wael A. Mahdi Sultan Alshehri Prawez Alam Faiyaz Shakeel |
| author_sort | Mohit Vij |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BCS class II molecules suffer from low oral bioavailability because of their poor permeability and sub-optimal aqueous solubility. One of the approaches to enhance their bioavailability is using cyclodextrin-based nanosponges. This study aimed to optimise and evaluate the feasibility of a microwave-assisted approach to synthesise nanosponges and improve domperidone’s solubility and drug delivery potential. In the production process, microwave power level, response speed, and stirring speed were optimised using the Box-Behnken approach. Ultimately, the batch with the smallest particle size and highest yield was chosen. The optimised method of synthesis of the nanosponges resulted in a product yield of 77.4% and a particle size of 195.68 ± 2.16 nm. The nanocarriers had a drug entrapment capacity of 84 ± 4.2% and a zeta potential of −9.17± 0.43 mV. The similarity and the difference factors demonstrated proof-of-concept, showing that the drug release from the loaded nanosponges is significantly greater than the plain drug. Additionally, spectral and thermal characterisations, such as FTIR, DSC, and XRD, confirmed the entrapment of the drug within the nanocarrier. SEM scans revealed the porous nature of the nanocarriers. Microwave-assisted synthesis could be used as a better and greener approach to synthesise these nanocarriers. It could then be utilised to load drugs and improve their solubility, as seen in the case of domperidone. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:39:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-399c3f505cbd4f7a94252b89439a3902 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8247 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:39:08Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pharmaceuticals |
| spelling | doaj.art-399c3f505cbd4f7a94252b89439a39022023-11-17T20:50:45ZengMDPI AGPharmaceuticals1424-82472023-04-0116456710.3390/ph16040567Optimisation of a Greener-Approach for the Synthesis of Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges for the Solubility Enhancement of Domperidone, a BCS Class II DrugMohit Vij0Neha Dand1Lalit Kumar2Pankaj Wadhwa3Shahid Ud Din Wani4Wael A. Mahdi5Sultan Alshehri6Prawez Alam7Faiyaz Shakeel8School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, IndiaDepartment of Pharmaceutics, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Pharmacy, Navi Mumbai 400614, IndiaSri Sai College of Pharmacy, Amritsar 143149, IndiaSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, IndiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Science and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, IndiaDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaBCS class II molecules suffer from low oral bioavailability because of their poor permeability and sub-optimal aqueous solubility. One of the approaches to enhance their bioavailability is using cyclodextrin-based nanosponges. This study aimed to optimise and evaluate the feasibility of a microwave-assisted approach to synthesise nanosponges and improve domperidone’s solubility and drug delivery potential. In the production process, microwave power level, response speed, and stirring speed were optimised using the Box-Behnken approach. Ultimately, the batch with the smallest particle size and highest yield was chosen. The optimised method of synthesis of the nanosponges resulted in a product yield of 77.4% and a particle size of 195.68 ± 2.16 nm. The nanocarriers had a drug entrapment capacity of 84 ± 4.2% and a zeta potential of −9.17± 0.43 mV. The similarity and the difference factors demonstrated proof-of-concept, showing that the drug release from the loaded nanosponges is significantly greater than the plain drug. Additionally, spectral and thermal characterisations, such as FTIR, DSC, and XRD, confirmed the entrapment of the drug within the nanocarrier. SEM scans revealed the porous nature of the nanocarriers. Microwave-assisted synthesis could be used as a better and greener approach to synthesise these nanocarriers. It could then be utilised to load drugs and improve their solubility, as seen in the case of domperidone.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/16/4/567domperidonecyclodextrinnanospongesolubilitybioavailabilitymicrowave-assisted synthesis |
| spellingShingle | Mohit Vij Neha Dand Lalit Kumar Pankaj Wadhwa Shahid Ud Din Wani Wael A. Mahdi Sultan Alshehri Prawez Alam Faiyaz Shakeel Optimisation of a Greener-Approach for the Synthesis of Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges for the Solubility Enhancement of Domperidone, a BCS Class II Drug Pharmaceuticals domperidone cyclodextrin nanosponge solubility bioavailability microwave-assisted synthesis |
| title | Optimisation of a Greener-Approach for the Synthesis of Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges for the Solubility Enhancement of Domperidone, a BCS Class II Drug |
| title_full | Optimisation of a Greener-Approach for the Synthesis of Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges for the Solubility Enhancement of Domperidone, a BCS Class II Drug |
| title_fullStr | Optimisation of a Greener-Approach for the Synthesis of Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges for the Solubility Enhancement of Domperidone, a BCS Class II Drug |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optimisation of a Greener-Approach for the Synthesis of Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges for the Solubility Enhancement of Domperidone, a BCS Class II Drug |
| title_short | Optimisation of a Greener-Approach for the Synthesis of Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges for the Solubility Enhancement of Domperidone, a BCS Class II Drug |
| title_sort | optimisation of a greener approach for the synthesis of cyclodextrin based nanosponges for the solubility enhancement of domperidone a bcs class ii drug |
| topic | domperidone cyclodextrin nanosponge solubility bioavailability microwave-assisted synthesis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/16/4/567 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mohitvij optimisationofagreenerapproachforthesynthesisofcyclodextrinbasednanospongesforthesolubilityenhancementofdomperidoneabcsclassiidrug AT nehadand optimisationofagreenerapproachforthesynthesisofcyclodextrinbasednanospongesforthesolubilityenhancementofdomperidoneabcsclassiidrug AT lalitkumar optimisationofagreenerapproachforthesynthesisofcyclodextrinbasednanospongesforthesolubilityenhancementofdomperidoneabcsclassiidrug AT pankajwadhwa optimisationofagreenerapproachforthesynthesisofcyclodextrinbasednanospongesforthesolubilityenhancementofdomperidoneabcsclassiidrug AT shahiduddinwani optimisationofagreenerapproachforthesynthesisofcyclodextrinbasednanospongesforthesolubilityenhancementofdomperidoneabcsclassiidrug AT waelamahdi optimisationofagreenerapproachforthesynthesisofcyclodextrinbasednanospongesforthesolubilityenhancementofdomperidoneabcsclassiidrug AT sultanalshehri optimisationofagreenerapproachforthesynthesisofcyclodextrinbasednanospongesforthesolubilityenhancementofdomperidoneabcsclassiidrug AT prawezalam optimisationofagreenerapproachforthesynthesisofcyclodextrinbasednanospongesforthesolubilityenhancementofdomperidoneabcsclassiidrug AT faiyazshakeel optimisationofagreenerapproachforthesynthesisofcyclodextrinbasednanospongesforthesolubilityenhancementofdomperidoneabcsclassiidrug |