The Characteristics of Natural Rubber Composites with Klason Lignin as a Green Reinforcing Filler: Thermal Stability, Mechanical and Dynamical Properties
The objective of this work was to investigate the influences of Klason lignin as a filler on the thermal stability and properties of natural rubber composites. The modulus and tensile strength of stabilized vulcanizates were measured before and after thermo-oxidative aging. It was determined that li...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-03-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/7/1109 |
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| author | Jutharat Intapun Thipsuda Rungruang Sunisa Suchat Banyat Cherdchim Salim Hiziroglu |
| author_facet | Jutharat Intapun Thipsuda Rungruang Sunisa Suchat Banyat Cherdchim Salim Hiziroglu |
| author_sort | Jutharat Intapun |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The objective of this work was to investigate the influences of Klason lignin as a filler on the thermal stability and properties of natural rubber composites. The modulus and tensile strength of stabilized vulcanizates were measured before and after thermo-oxidative aging. It was determined that lignin filled natural rubber had significantly enhanced thermo-oxidative aging and mechanical properties compared to those of controlled samples. The reinforcement effect of lignin increased stress with lignin loading but it decreased at 20 phr, suggesting that the reinforcement mechanism of lignin was via strain-induced crystallization. The composite samples with 10 phr filler loading had the highest mechanical properties as well as thermo-oxidative degradation resistance. Such a finding could be due to interactions between the Klason lignin filler and natural rubber matrix. Based on the findings in this work, the degradation temperature of Klason lignin occurred at 420 °C. The absorption peaks at wavenumbers 1192 and 1374 cm<sup>−1</sup> indicated that C–O stretching vibrations of the syringyl and guaiacyl rings of hardwood lignin existed. It was also found that the Klason lignin–rubber composite containing 10 phr had the highest stress–strain, 100% modulus, and tensile strength, while lignin showed increasing aging resistance of the composite comparable with commercial antioxidant at 1.5 phr. It appears that Klason lignin from rubberwood could be used as a green antioxidant and alternative reinforcing filler and for high performance eco-friendly natural rubber biocomposites. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:44:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-39aecdc45d2a43c8a5dd8c6eddf08f36 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:44:18Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-39aecdc45d2a43c8a5dd8c6eddf08f362023-11-21T13:34:25ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602021-03-01137110910.3390/polym13071109The Characteristics of Natural Rubber Composites with Klason Lignin as a Green Reinforcing Filler: Thermal Stability, Mechanical and Dynamical PropertiesJutharat Intapun0Thipsuda Rungruang1Sunisa Suchat2Banyat Cherdchim3Salim Hiziroglu4Faculty of Science and Industrial Technology, Surat Thani Campus, Prince of Songkla University, Surat Thani 84000, ThailandFaculty of Science and Industrial Technology, Surat Thani Campus, Prince of Songkla University, Surat Thani 84000, ThailandFaculty of Science and Industrial Technology, Surat Thani Campus, Prince of Songkla University, Surat Thani 84000, ThailandFaculty of Science and Industrial Technology, Surat Thani Campus, Prince of Songkla University, Surat Thani 84000, ThailandNatural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OH 74078, USAThe objective of this work was to investigate the influences of Klason lignin as a filler on the thermal stability and properties of natural rubber composites. The modulus and tensile strength of stabilized vulcanizates were measured before and after thermo-oxidative aging. It was determined that lignin filled natural rubber had significantly enhanced thermo-oxidative aging and mechanical properties compared to those of controlled samples. The reinforcement effect of lignin increased stress with lignin loading but it decreased at 20 phr, suggesting that the reinforcement mechanism of lignin was via strain-induced crystallization. The composite samples with 10 phr filler loading had the highest mechanical properties as well as thermo-oxidative degradation resistance. Such a finding could be due to interactions between the Klason lignin filler and natural rubber matrix. Based on the findings in this work, the degradation temperature of Klason lignin occurred at 420 °C. The absorption peaks at wavenumbers 1192 and 1374 cm<sup>−1</sup> indicated that C–O stretching vibrations of the syringyl and guaiacyl rings of hardwood lignin existed. It was also found that the Klason lignin–rubber composite containing 10 phr had the highest stress–strain, 100% modulus, and tensile strength, while lignin showed increasing aging resistance of the composite comparable with commercial antioxidant at 1.5 phr. It appears that Klason lignin from rubberwood could be used as a green antioxidant and alternative reinforcing filler and for high performance eco-friendly natural rubber biocomposites.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/7/1109Klason ligninrubberwoodthermal stabilitynatural rubber composite |
| spellingShingle | Jutharat Intapun Thipsuda Rungruang Sunisa Suchat Banyat Cherdchim Salim Hiziroglu The Characteristics of Natural Rubber Composites with Klason Lignin as a Green Reinforcing Filler: Thermal Stability, Mechanical and Dynamical Properties Polymers Klason lignin rubberwood thermal stability natural rubber composite |
| title | The Characteristics of Natural Rubber Composites with Klason Lignin as a Green Reinforcing Filler: Thermal Stability, Mechanical and Dynamical Properties |
| title_full | The Characteristics of Natural Rubber Composites with Klason Lignin as a Green Reinforcing Filler: Thermal Stability, Mechanical and Dynamical Properties |
| title_fullStr | The Characteristics of Natural Rubber Composites with Klason Lignin as a Green Reinforcing Filler: Thermal Stability, Mechanical and Dynamical Properties |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Characteristics of Natural Rubber Composites with Klason Lignin as a Green Reinforcing Filler: Thermal Stability, Mechanical and Dynamical Properties |
| title_short | The Characteristics of Natural Rubber Composites with Klason Lignin as a Green Reinforcing Filler: Thermal Stability, Mechanical and Dynamical Properties |
| title_sort | characteristics of natural rubber composites with klason lignin as a green reinforcing filler thermal stability mechanical and dynamical properties |
| topic | Klason lignin rubberwood thermal stability natural rubber composite |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/7/1109 |
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