Highly Sensitive Determination of Tenofovir in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Patients Urine—Comparative Electroanalytical Studies Using Different Sensing Methods
This paper discusses the electrochemical behavior of antiviral drug Tenofovir (TFV) and its possible applicability towards electroanalytical determination with diverse detection strategies using square-wave voltammetry. Namely, oxidation processes were investigated using glassy carbon electrode with...
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/6/1992 |
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| author | Natalia Festinger Kaja Spilarewicz-Stanek Kamila Borowczyk Dariusz Guziejewski Sylwia Smarzewska |
| author_facet | Natalia Festinger Kaja Spilarewicz-Stanek Kamila Borowczyk Dariusz Guziejewski Sylwia Smarzewska |
| author_sort | Natalia Festinger |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper discusses the electrochemical behavior of antiviral drug Tenofovir (TFV) and its possible applicability towards electroanalytical determination with diverse detection strategies using square-wave voltammetry. Namely, oxidation processes were investigated using glassy carbon electrode with graphene oxide surface modification (GO/GCE), while the reduction processes, related to the studied analyte, were analyzed at a renewable silver amalgam electrode (Hg(Ag)FE). Scanning electron microscopy imaging confirmed the successful deposition of GO at the electrode surface. Catalytic properties of graphene oxide were exposed while being compared with those of bare GCE. The resultant modification of GCE with GO enhanced the electroactive surface area by 50% in comparison to the bare one. At both electrodes, i.e., GO/GCE and Hg(Ag)FE, the TFV response was used to examine and optimize the influence of square-wave excitation parameters, i.e., square wave frequency, step potential and amplitude, and supporting electrolyte composition and its pH. Broad selectivity studies were performed with miscellaneous interfering agents influence, including ascorbic acid, selected saccharides and aminoacids, metal ions, non-opioid analgesic metamizole, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug omeprazole, and several drugs used along with TFV treatment. The linear concentration range for TFV determination at GO/GCE and Hg(Ag)FE was found to be 0.3–30.0 µmol L<sup>–1</sup> and 0.5–7.0 µmol L<sup>–1</sup>, respectively. The lowest LOD was calculated for GO/GCE and was equal to 48.6 nmol L<sup>–1</sup>. The developed procedure was used to detect TFV in pharmaceutical formulations and patient urine samples and has referenced utilization in HPLC studies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:08:28Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:08:28Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-39d57a95612049179204d3f3c7fb01492023-11-30T21:44:19ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492022-03-01276199210.3390/molecules27061992Highly Sensitive Determination of Tenofovir in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Patients Urine—Comparative Electroanalytical Studies Using Different Sensing MethodsNatalia Festinger0Kaja Spilarewicz-Stanek1Kamila Borowczyk2Dariusz Guziejewski3Sylwia Smarzewska4Łukasiewicz Research Network-Textile Research Institute, 5/15 Brzezinska St., 92-103 Lodz, PolandFaculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Krakow, PolandDepartment of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 163 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, PolandDepartment of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 12 Tamka St., 91-403 Lodz, PolandDepartment of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 12 Tamka St., 91-403 Lodz, PolandThis paper discusses the electrochemical behavior of antiviral drug Tenofovir (TFV) and its possible applicability towards electroanalytical determination with diverse detection strategies using square-wave voltammetry. Namely, oxidation processes were investigated using glassy carbon electrode with graphene oxide surface modification (GO/GCE), while the reduction processes, related to the studied analyte, were analyzed at a renewable silver amalgam electrode (Hg(Ag)FE). Scanning electron microscopy imaging confirmed the successful deposition of GO at the electrode surface. Catalytic properties of graphene oxide were exposed while being compared with those of bare GCE. The resultant modification of GCE with GO enhanced the electroactive surface area by 50% in comparison to the bare one. At both electrodes, i.e., GO/GCE and Hg(Ag)FE, the TFV response was used to examine and optimize the influence of square-wave excitation parameters, i.e., square wave frequency, step potential and amplitude, and supporting electrolyte composition and its pH. Broad selectivity studies were performed with miscellaneous interfering agents influence, including ascorbic acid, selected saccharides and aminoacids, metal ions, non-opioid analgesic metamizole, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug omeprazole, and several drugs used along with TFV treatment. The linear concentration range for TFV determination at GO/GCE and Hg(Ag)FE was found to be 0.3–30.0 µmol L<sup>–1</sup> and 0.5–7.0 µmol L<sup>–1</sup>, respectively. The lowest LOD was calculated for GO/GCE and was equal to 48.6 nmol L<sup>–1</sup>. The developed procedure was used to detect TFV in pharmaceutical formulations and patient urine samples and has referenced utilization in HPLC studies.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/6/1992tenofovirvoltammetryglassy carbongraphene oxidesilver amalgam |
| spellingShingle | Natalia Festinger Kaja Spilarewicz-Stanek Kamila Borowczyk Dariusz Guziejewski Sylwia Smarzewska Highly Sensitive Determination of Tenofovir in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Patients Urine—Comparative Electroanalytical Studies Using Different Sensing Methods Molecules tenofovir voltammetry glassy carbon graphene oxide silver amalgam |
| title | Highly Sensitive Determination of Tenofovir in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Patients Urine—Comparative Electroanalytical Studies Using Different Sensing Methods |
| title_full | Highly Sensitive Determination of Tenofovir in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Patients Urine—Comparative Electroanalytical Studies Using Different Sensing Methods |
| title_fullStr | Highly Sensitive Determination of Tenofovir in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Patients Urine—Comparative Electroanalytical Studies Using Different Sensing Methods |
| title_full_unstemmed | Highly Sensitive Determination of Tenofovir in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Patients Urine—Comparative Electroanalytical Studies Using Different Sensing Methods |
| title_short | Highly Sensitive Determination of Tenofovir in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Patients Urine—Comparative Electroanalytical Studies Using Different Sensing Methods |
| title_sort | highly sensitive determination of tenofovir in pharmaceutical formulations and patients urine comparative electroanalytical studies using different sensing methods |
| topic | tenofovir voltammetry glassy carbon graphene oxide silver amalgam |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/6/1992 |
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