Novel Approaches for The Development of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines
Influenza virus still represents a considerable threat to global public health, despite the advances in the development and wide use of influenza vaccines. Vaccination with traditional inactivate influenza vaccines (IIV) or live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) remains the main strategy in the c...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2019-02-01
|
| Series: | Viruses |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/11/2/190 |
| _version_ | 1819230333946560512 |
|---|---|
| author | Pilar Blanco-Lobo Aitor Nogales Laura Rodríguez Luis Martínez-Sobrido |
| author_facet | Pilar Blanco-Lobo Aitor Nogales Laura Rodríguez Luis Martínez-Sobrido |
| author_sort | Pilar Blanco-Lobo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Influenza virus still represents a considerable threat to global public health, despite the advances in the development and wide use of influenza vaccines. Vaccination with traditional inactivate influenza vaccines (IIV) or live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) remains the main strategy in the control of annual seasonal epidemics, but it does not offer protection against new influenza viruses with pandemic potential, those that have shifted. Moreover, the continual antigenic drift of seasonal circulating influenza viruses, causing an antigenic mismatch that requires yearly reformulation of seasonal influenza vaccines, seriously compromises vaccine efficacy. Therefore, the quick optimization of vaccine production for seasonal influenza and the development of new vaccine approaches for pandemic viruses is still a challenge for the prevention of influenza infections. Moreover, recent reports have questioned the effectiveness of the current LAIV because of limited protection, mainly against the influenza A virus (IAV) component of the vaccine. Although the reasons for the poor protection efficacy of the LAIV have not yet been elucidated, researchers are encouraged to develop new vaccination approaches that overcome the limitations that are associated with the current LAIV. The discovery and implementation of plasmid-based reverse genetics has been a key advance in the rapid generation of recombinant attenuated influenza viruses that can be used for the development of new and most effective LAIV. In this review, we provide an update regarding the progress that has been made during the last five years in the development of new LAIV and the innovative ways that are being explored as alternatives to the currently licensed LAIV. The safety, immunogenicity, and protection efficacy profile of these new LAIVs reveal their possible implementation in combating influenza infections. However, efforts by vaccine companies and government agencies will be needed for controlled testing and approving, respectively, these new vaccine methodologies for the control of influenza infections. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-23T11:27:25Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-39d7cf8d3ebf46c38222b18961a716c0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-23T11:27:25Z |
| publishDate | 2019-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-39d7cf8d3ebf46c38222b18961a716c02022-12-21T17:48:54ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152019-02-0111219010.3390/v11020190v11020190Novel Approaches for The Development of Live Attenuated Influenza VaccinesPilar Blanco-Lobo0Aitor Nogales1Laura Rodríguez2Luis Martínez-Sobrido3Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USADepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USADepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USADepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USAInfluenza virus still represents a considerable threat to global public health, despite the advances in the development and wide use of influenza vaccines. Vaccination with traditional inactivate influenza vaccines (IIV) or live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) remains the main strategy in the control of annual seasonal epidemics, but it does not offer protection against new influenza viruses with pandemic potential, those that have shifted. Moreover, the continual antigenic drift of seasonal circulating influenza viruses, causing an antigenic mismatch that requires yearly reformulation of seasonal influenza vaccines, seriously compromises vaccine efficacy. Therefore, the quick optimization of vaccine production for seasonal influenza and the development of new vaccine approaches for pandemic viruses is still a challenge for the prevention of influenza infections. Moreover, recent reports have questioned the effectiveness of the current LAIV because of limited protection, mainly against the influenza A virus (IAV) component of the vaccine. Although the reasons for the poor protection efficacy of the LAIV have not yet been elucidated, researchers are encouraged to develop new vaccination approaches that overcome the limitations that are associated with the current LAIV. The discovery and implementation of plasmid-based reverse genetics has been a key advance in the rapid generation of recombinant attenuated influenza viruses that can be used for the development of new and most effective LAIV. In this review, we provide an update regarding the progress that has been made during the last five years in the development of new LAIV and the innovative ways that are being explored as alternatives to the currently licensed LAIV. The safety, immunogenicity, and protection efficacy profile of these new LAIVs reveal their possible implementation in combating influenza infections. However, efforts by vaccine companies and government agencies will be needed for controlled testing and approving, respectively, these new vaccine methodologies for the control of influenza infections.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/11/2/190influenza virusinfluenza vaccinesinfluenza inactivated vaccine (IIV)live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV)influenza reverse geneticsrecombinant influenza virusimmunogenicityprotection efficacy |
| spellingShingle | Pilar Blanco-Lobo Aitor Nogales Laura Rodríguez Luis Martínez-Sobrido Novel Approaches for The Development of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines Viruses influenza virus influenza vaccines influenza inactivated vaccine (IIV) live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) influenza reverse genetics recombinant influenza virus immunogenicity protection efficacy |
| title | Novel Approaches for The Development of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines |
| title_full | Novel Approaches for The Development of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines |
| title_fullStr | Novel Approaches for The Development of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines |
| title_full_unstemmed | Novel Approaches for The Development of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines |
| title_short | Novel Approaches for The Development of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines |
| title_sort | novel approaches for the development of live attenuated influenza vaccines |
| topic | influenza virus influenza vaccines influenza inactivated vaccine (IIV) live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) influenza reverse genetics recombinant influenza virus immunogenicity protection efficacy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/11/2/190 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT pilarblancolobo novelapproachesforthedevelopmentofliveattenuatedinfluenzavaccines AT aitornogales novelapproachesforthedevelopmentofliveattenuatedinfluenzavaccines AT laurarodriguez novelapproachesforthedevelopmentofliveattenuatedinfluenzavaccines AT luismartinezsobrido novelapproachesforthedevelopmentofliveattenuatedinfluenzavaccines |