Thalassemia and Nanotheragnostics: Advanced Approaches for Diagnosis and Treatment
Thalassemia is a monogenic autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations, which lead to abnormal or reduced production of hemoglobin. Ineffective erythropoiesis, hemolysis, hepcidin suppression, and iron overload are common manifestations that vary according to genotypes and dictate, which diagno...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Biosensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/13/4/450 |
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| author | Zahra Tariq Muhammad Imran Qadeer Iram Anjum Christophe Hano Sumaira Anjum |
| author_facet | Zahra Tariq Muhammad Imran Qadeer Iram Anjum Christophe Hano Sumaira Anjum |
| author_sort | Zahra Tariq |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Thalassemia is a monogenic autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations, which lead to abnormal or reduced production of hemoglobin. Ineffective erythropoiesis, hemolysis, hepcidin suppression, and iron overload are common manifestations that vary according to genotypes and dictate, which diagnosis and therapeutic modalities, including transfusion therapy, iron chelation therapy, HbF induction, gene therapy, and editing, are performed. These conventional therapeutic methods have proven to be effective, yet have several disadvantages, specifically iron toxicity, associated with them; therefore, there are demands for advanced therapeutic methods. Nanotechnology-based applications, such as the use of nanoparticles and nanomedicines for theragnostic purposes have emerged that are simple, convenient, and cost-effective methods. The therapeutic potential of various nanoparticles has been explored by developing artificial hemoglobin, nano-based iron chelating agents, and nanocarriers for globin gene editing by CRISPR/Cas9. Au, Ag, carbon, graphene, silicon, porous nanoparticles, dendrimers, hydrogels, quantum dots, etc., have been used in electrochemical biosensors development for diagnosis of thalassemia, quantification of hemoglobin in these patients, and analysis of conventional iron chelating agents. This review summarizes the potential of nanotechnology in the development of various theragnostic approaches to determine thalassemia-causing gene mutations using various nano-based biosensors along with the employment of efficacious nano-based therapeutic procedures, in contrast to conventional therapies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:11:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-39eaf6077aa54026ada801b7652bea4f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6374 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:11:51Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biosensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-39eaf6077aa54026ada801b7652bea4f2023-11-17T18:30:51ZengMDPI AGBiosensors2079-63742023-04-0113445010.3390/bios13040450Thalassemia and Nanotheragnostics: Advanced Approaches for Diagnosis and TreatmentZahra Tariq0Muhammad Imran Qadeer1Iram Anjum2Christophe Hano3Sumaira Anjum4Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, 92-Jail Road, Lahore 54000, PakistanSundas Foundation, Shadman 1, Lahore 54000, PakistanDepartment of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, 92-Jail Road, Lahore 54000, PakistanDepartment of Chemical Biology, Eure & Loir Campus, University of Orleans, 28000 Chartres, FranceDepartment of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, 92-Jail Road, Lahore 54000, PakistanThalassemia is a monogenic autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations, which lead to abnormal or reduced production of hemoglobin. Ineffective erythropoiesis, hemolysis, hepcidin suppression, and iron overload are common manifestations that vary according to genotypes and dictate, which diagnosis and therapeutic modalities, including transfusion therapy, iron chelation therapy, HbF induction, gene therapy, and editing, are performed. These conventional therapeutic methods have proven to be effective, yet have several disadvantages, specifically iron toxicity, associated with them; therefore, there are demands for advanced therapeutic methods. Nanotechnology-based applications, such as the use of nanoparticles and nanomedicines for theragnostic purposes have emerged that are simple, convenient, and cost-effective methods. The therapeutic potential of various nanoparticles has been explored by developing artificial hemoglobin, nano-based iron chelating agents, and nanocarriers for globin gene editing by CRISPR/Cas9. Au, Ag, carbon, graphene, silicon, porous nanoparticles, dendrimers, hydrogels, quantum dots, etc., have been used in electrochemical biosensors development for diagnosis of thalassemia, quantification of hemoglobin in these patients, and analysis of conventional iron chelating agents. This review summarizes the potential of nanotechnology in the development of various theragnostic approaches to determine thalassemia-causing gene mutations using various nano-based biosensors along with the employment of efficacious nano-based therapeutic procedures, in contrast to conventional therapies.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/13/4/450thalassemiagene therapyiron overloadiron chelationnanomedicinenanoparticles |
| spellingShingle | Zahra Tariq Muhammad Imran Qadeer Iram Anjum Christophe Hano Sumaira Anjum Thalassemia and Nanotheragnostics: Advanced Approaches for Diagnosis and Treatment Biosensors thalassemia gene therapy iron overload iron chelation nanomedicine nanoparticles |
| title | Thalassemia and Nanotheragnostics: Advanced Approaches for Diagnosis and Treatment |
| title_full | Thalassemia and Nanotheragnostics: Advanced Approaches for Diagnosis and Treatment |
| title_fullStr | Thalassemia and Nanotheragnostics: Advanced Approaches for Diagnosis and Treatment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Thalassemia and Nanotheragnostics: Advanced Approaches for Diagnosis and Treatment |
| title_short | Thalassemia and Nanotheragnostics: Advanced Approaches for Diagnosis and Treatment |
| title_sort | thalassemia and nanotheragnostics advanced approaches for diagnosis and treatment |
| topic | thalassemia gene therapy iron overload iron chelation nanomedicine nanoparticles |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/13/4/450 |
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