Nutrient Deficiencies Impact on the Cellular and Metabolic Responses of Saxitoxin Producing <i>Alexandrium minutum</i>: A Transcriptomic Perspective
Dinoflagellate <i>Alexandrium minutum</i> Halim is commonly associated with harmful algal blooms (HABs) in tropical marine waters due to its saxitoxin production. However, limited information is available regarding the cellular and metabolic changes of <i>A. minutum</i> in nu...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Marine Drugs |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/21/9/497 |
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| author | Muhamad Afiq Akbar Nurul Yuziana Mohd Yusof Gires Usup Asmat Ahmad Syarul Nataqain Baharum Hamidun Bunawan |
| author_facet | Muhamad Afiq Akbar Nurul Yuziana Mohd Yusof Gires Usup Asmat Ahmad Syarul Nataqain Baharum Hamidun Bunawan |
| author_sort | Muhamad Afiq Akbar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Dinoflagellate <i>Alexandrium minutum</i> Halim is commonly associated with harmful algal blooms (HABs) in tropical marine waters due to its saxitoxin production. However, limited information is available regarding the cellular and metabolic changes of <i>A. minutum</i> in nutrient-deficient environments. To fill this gap, our study aimed to investigate the transcriptomic responses of <i>A. minutum</i> under nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency. The induction of nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency resulted in the identification of 1049 and 763 differently expressed genes (DEGs), respectively. Further analysis using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed 702 and 1251 enriched gene ontology (GO) terms associated with nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency, respectively. Our results indicate that in laboratory cultures, nitrogen deficiency primarily affects meiosis, carbohydrate catabolism, ammonium assimilation, ion homeostasis, and protein kinase activity. On the other hand, phosphorus deficiency primarily affects the carbon metabolic response, cellular ion transfer, actin-dependent cell movement, signalling pathways, and protein recycling. Our study provides valuable insights into biological processes and genes regulating <i>A. minutum</i>’s response to nutrient deficiencies, furthering our understanding of the ecophysiological response of HABs to environmental change. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:30:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3a00a2c8d2bc4770b3ad28feefa0d966 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1660-3397 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:30:52Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Marine Drugs |
| spelling | doaj.art-3a00a2c8d2bc4770b3ad28feefa0d9662023-11-19T11:42:24ZengMDPI AGMarine Drugs1660-33972023-09-0121949710.3390/md21090497Nutrient Deficiencies Impact on the Cellular and Metabolic Responses of Saxitoxin Producing <i>Alexandrium minutum</i>: A Transcriptomic PerspectiveMuhamad Afiq Akbar0Nurul Yuziana Mohd Yusof1Gires Usup2Asmat Ahmad3Syarul Nataqain Baharum4Hamidun Bunawan5Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Earth Science and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Earth Science and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, MalaysiaInstitute of System Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, MalaysiaInstitute of System Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, MalaysiaDinoflagellate <i>Alexandrium minutum</i> Halim is commonly associated with harmful algal blooms (HABs) in tropical marine waters due to its saxitoxin production. However, limited information is available regarding the cellular and metabolic changes of <i>A. minutum</i> in nutrient-deficient environments. To fill this gap, our study aimed to investigate the transcriptomic responses of <i>A. minutum</i> under nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency. The induction of nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency resulted in the identification of 1049 and 763 differently expressed genes (DEGs), respectively. Further analysis using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed 702 and 1251 enriched gene ontology (GO) terms associated with nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency, respectively. Our results indicate that in laboratory cultures, nitrogen deficiency primarily affects meiosis, carbohydrate catabolism, ammonium assimilation, ion homeostasis, and protein kinase activity. On the other hand, phosphorus deficiency primarily affects the carbon metabolic response, cellular ion transfer, actin-dependent cell movement, signalling pathways, and protein recycling. Our study provides valuable insights into biological processes and genes regulating <i>A. minutum</i>’s response to nutrient deficiencies, furthering our understanding of the ecophysiological response of HABs to environmental change.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/21/9/497saxitoxintranscriptomicsgene set enrichment analysisharmful algae blooms |
| spellingShingle | Muhamad Afiq Akbar Nurul Yuziana Mohd Yusof Gires Usup Asmat Ahmad Syarul Nataqain Baharum Hamidun Bunawan Nutrient Deficiencies Impact on the Cellular and Metabolic Responses of Saxitoxin Producing <i>Alexandrium minutum</i>: A Transcriptomic Perspective Marine Drugs saxitoxin transcriptomics gene set enrichment analysis harmful algae blooms |
| title | Nutrient Deficiencies Impact on the Cellular and Metabolic Responses of Saxitoxin Producing <i>Alexandrium minutum</i>: A Transcriptomic Perspective |
| title_full | Nutrient Deficiencies Impact on the Cellular and Metabolic Responses of Saxitoxin Producing <i>Alexandrium minutum</i>: A Transcriptomic Perspective |
| title_fullStr | Nutrient Deficiencies Impact on the Cellular and Metabolic Responses of Saxitoxin Producing <i>Alexandrium minutum</i>: A Transcriptomic Perspective |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nutrient Deficiencies Impact on the Cellular and Metabolic Responses of Saxitoxin Producing <i>Alexandrium minutum</i>: A Transcriptomic Perspective |
| title_short | Nutrient Deficiencies Impact on the Cellular and Metabolic Responses of Saxitoxin Producing <i>Alexandrium minutum</i>: A Transcriptomic Perspective |
| title_sort | nutrient deficiencies impact on the cellular and metabolic responses of saxitoxin producing i alexandrium minutum i a transcriptomic perspective |
| topic | saxitoxin transcriptomics gene set enrichment analysis harmful algae blooms |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/21/9/497 |
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