Are social pressure, bullying and low social support associated with depressive symptoms, self-harm and self-directed violence among adolescents? A cross-sectional study using a structural equation modeling approach
Abstract Background More in-depth evidence about the complex relationships between different risk factors and mental health among adolescents has been warranted. Thus, the aim of the study was to examine the direct and indirect effects of experiencing social pressure, bullying, and low social suppor...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2024-03-01
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| Series: | BMC Psychiatry |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05696-1 |
| _version_ | 1827300979465256960 |
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| author | Tonje Holte Stea Tore Bonsaksen Pierre Smith Annette Løvheim Kleppang Anne Mari Steigen Marja Leonhardt Lars Lien Mario Vianna Vettore |
| author_facet | Tonje Holte Stea Tore Bonsaksen Pierre Smith Annette Løvheim Kleppang Anne Mari Steigen Marja Leonhardt Lars Lien Mario Vianna Vettore |
| author_sort | Tonje Holte Stea |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background More in-depth evidence about the complex relationships between different risk factors and mental health among adolescents has been warranted. Thus, the aim of the study was to examine the direct and indirect effects of experiencing social pressure, bullying, and low social support on mental health problems in adolescence. Methods A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022 among 15 823 Norwegian adolescents, aged 13–19 years. Structural Equation Modelling was used to assess the relationships between socioeconomic status, social pressure, bullying, social support, depressive symptoms, self-harm and suicide thoughts. Results Poor family economy and low parental education were associated with high pressure, low parental support and depressive symptoms in males and females. Moreover, poor family economy was associated with bullying perpetration and bullying victimization among males and females, and cyberbullying victimization among females, but not males. Low parental education was associated with bullying victimization among males, but not females. Further, high social pressure was associated with depressive symptoms among males and females, whereas high social pressure was linked to self-harm and suicide thoughts among females, but not males. Bullying victimization and cyberbullying victimization were associated with depressive symptoms, self-harm, and suicide thoughts among males and females. Bullying victimization was associated with depressive symptoms among males, but not females, whereas bullying perpetration was linked to self-harm and suicide thoughts among females, but not males. Low parental support was associated with bullying perpetration, bullying victimization, depressive symptoms, self-harm and suicide thoughts among males and females, whereas low parental support was associated with high social pressure among females, but not males. Low teacher support was associated with high social pressure and depressive symptoms. Low support from friends was associated with bullying victimization, depressive symptoms and suicide thoughts among males and females, whereas low support from friends was linked to self-harm among males, but not females. Finally, results showed that depressive symptoms were associated with self-harm and suicide thoughts among males and females. Conclusion Low socioeconomic status, social pressure, bullying and low social support were directly and indirectly associated with depressive symptoms and self-directed violence among Norwegian adolescents. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T16:15:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3a080c06dbe64c378cd2ce3537998243 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1471-244X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T16:15:16Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Psychiatry |
| spelling | doaj.art-3a080c06dbe64c378cd2ce35379982432024-03-31T11:28:20ZengBMCBMC Psychiatry1471-244X2024-03-0124111210.1186/s12888-024-05696-1Are social pressure, bullying and low social support associated with depressive symptoms, self-harm and self-directed violence among adolescents? A cross-sectional study using a structural equation modeling approachTonje Holte Stea0Tore Bonsaksen1Pierre Smith2Annette Løvheim Kleppang3Anne Mari Steigen4Marja Leonhardt5Lars Lien6Mario Vianna Vettore7Department of Health and Nursing Science, University of AgderDepartment of Health and Nursing Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied SciencesHealth information service. Epidemiology and public health. SciensanoDepartment of Health and Nursing Science, University of AgderDepartment of Health and Nursing Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied SciencesNorwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital TrustDepartment of Health and Nursing Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied SciencesDepartment of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus UniversityAbstract Background More in-depth evidence about the complex relationships between different risk factors and mental health among adolescents has been warranted. Thus, the aim of the study was to examine the direct and indirect effects of experiencing social pressure, bullying, and low social support on mental health problems in adolescence. Methods A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022 among 15 823 Norwegian adolescents, aged 13–19 years. Structural Equation Modelling was used to assess the relationships between socioeconomic status, social pressure, bullying, social support, depressive symptoms, self-harm and suicide thoughts. Results Poor family economy and low parental education were associated with high pressure, low parental support and depressive symptoms in males and females. Moreover, poor family economy was associated with bullying perpetration and bullying victimization among males and females, and cyberbullying victimization among females, but not males. Low parental education was associated with bullying victimization among males, but not females. Further, high social pressure was associated with depressive symptoms among males and females, whereas high social pressure was linked to self-harm and suicide thoughts among females, but not males. Bullying victimization and cyberbullying victimization were associated with depressive symptoms, self-harm, and suicide thoughts among males and females. Bullying victimization was associated with depressive symptoms among males, but not females, whereas bullying perpetration was linked to self-harm and suicide thoughts among females, but not males. Low parental support was associated with bullying perpetration, bullying victimization, depressive symptoms, self-harm and suicide thoughts among males and females, whereas low parental support was associated with high social pressure among females, but not males. Low teacher support was associated with high social pressure and depressive symptoms. Low support from friends was associated with bullying victimization, depressive symptoms and suicide thoughts among males and females, whereas low support from friends was linked to self-harm among males, but not females. Finally, results showed that depressive symptoms were associated with self-harm and suicide thoughts among males and females. Conclusion Low socioeconomic status, social pressure, bullying and low social support were directly and indirectly associated with depressive symptoms and self-directed violence among Norwegian adolescents.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05696-1AdolescentSocial pressureBullyingSocial supportDepressive symptoms, self-harmSuicide thoughts |
| spellingShingle | Tonje Holte Stea Tore Bonsaksen Pierre Smith Annette Løvheim Kleppang Anne Mari Steigen Marja Leonhardt Lars Lien Mario Vianna Vettore Are social pressure, bullying and low social support associated with depressive symptoms, self-harm and self-directed violence among adolescents? A cross-sectional study using a structural equation modeling approach BMC Psychiatry Adolescent Social pressure Bullying Social support Depressive symptoms, self-harm Suicide thoughts |
| title | Are social pressure, bullying and low social support associated with depressive symptoms, self-harm and self-directed violence among adolescents? A cross-sectional study using a structural equation modeling approach |
| title_full | Are social pressure, bullying and low social support associated with depressive symptoms, self-harm and self-directed violence among adolescents? A cross-sectional study using a structural equation modeling approach |
| title_fullStr | Are social pressure, bullying and low social support associated with depressive symptoms, self-harm and self-directed violence among adolescents? A cross-sectional study using a structural equation modeling approach |
| title_full_unstemmed | Are social pressure, bullying and low social support associated with depressive symptoms, self-harm and self-directed violence among adolescents? A cross-sectional study using a structural equation modeling approach |
| title_short | Are social pressure, bullying and low social support associated with depressive symptoms, self-harm and self-directed violence among adolescents? A cross-sectional study using a structural equation modeling approach |
| title_sort | are social pressure bullying and low social support associated with depressive symptoms self harm and self directed violence among adolescents a cross sectional study using a structural equation modeling approach |
| topic | Adolescent Social pressure Bullying Social support Depressive symptoms, self-harm Suicide thoughts |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05696-1 |
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