Phytochemical Analysis, In Vitro Anticholinesterase, Antioxidant Activity and In Vivo Nootropic Effect of <i>Ferula ammoniacum</i> (<i>Dorema ammoniacum</i>) D. Don. in Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Mice
Background: <i>Ferula ammoniacum</i> (D. Don) is one of the endemic medicinal plants that is traditionally used to treat a number of diseases. Although the plant has been used to enhance memory, the investigational evidence supporting the nootropic effect was unsubstantial. Hence, the ra...
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MDPI AG
2021-02-01
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| author | Nausheen Nazir Mohammad Nisar Muhammad Zahoor Faheem Uddin Saeed Ullah Riaz Ullah Siddique Akber Ansari Hafiz Majid Mahmood Ahmed Bari Abdulrehman Alobaid |
| author_facet | Nausheen Nazir Mohammad Nisar Muhammad Zahoor Faheem Uddin Saeed Ullah Riaz Ullah Siddique Akber Ansari Hafiz Majid Mahmood Ahmed Bari Abdulrehman Alobaid |
| author_sort | Nausheen Nazir |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: <i>Ferula ammoniacum</i> (D. Don) is one of the endemic medicinal plants that is traditionally used to treat a number of diseases. Although the plant has been used to enhance memory, the investigational evidence supporting the nootropic effect was unsubstantial. Hence, the rationale for this study was to assess the potential beneficial effect of <i>F. ammoniacum</i> seed extracts on learning and memory in mice. Methods: The powdered plant samples (aerial parts) were subjected to extraction ad fractionation. Among the extracts, crude and ethyl acetate extracts were screened for major phytochemicals through HPLC analysis. All the extracts were evaluated for the in vitro anticholinesterase (AChE and BChE) and antioxidant potentials. Among the extracts the active fraction was further assessed for improving learning and memory in mice using behavioural tests like Y-maze and novel object recognition test (NORT) using standard protocols. After behavioural tests, all the animals were sacrificed and brains tissues were assessed for the ex vivo anticholinesterase and antioxidant potentials. Results: Phytochemicals like chlorogenic acid, quercetin, mandelic acid, phloroglucinol, hydroxy benzoic acid, malic acid, epigallocatechin gallate, ellagic acid, rutin, and pyrogallol were identified in crude methanolic extract (Fa.Met) and ethyl acetate fraction (Fa.EtAc) through HPLC. Fa.EtAc and Fa.Chf extracts more potently inhibited AChE and BChE with IC50 values of 40 and 43 µg/mL, and 41 and 42 µg/mL, respectively. Similarly highest free radical scavenging potential was exhibited by Fa.EtAc fraction against DPPH (IC50 = 100 µg/mL) and ABTS (IC50 = 120 µg/mL). The extract doses, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.01) improved the short-term memory by increasing the percent spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze test along with increasing discrimination index in the NORT that clearly indicated the enhancement in the recognition memory of mice. Conclusion: The extracts more potently scavenged the tested free radicals, exhibited anticholinesterase activities, improved the learning abilities and reduced the memory impairment induced by scopolamine in mice model thus suggesting that these extracts could be effectively used for the management of oxidative stress, neurodegenerative diseases and memory loss. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T00:44:30Z |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T00:44:30Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-3a0baa44f94647d48cc66ca6bccb970f2023-12-11T17:34:43ZengMDPI AGBrain Sciences2076-34252021-02-0111225910.3390/brainsci11020259Phytochemical Analysis, In Vitro Anticholinesterase, Antioxidant Activity and In Vivo Nootropic Effect of <i>Ferula ammoniacum</i> (<i>Dorema ammoniacum</i>) D. Don. in Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in MiceNausheen Nazir0Mohammad Nisar1Muhammad Zahoor2Faheem Uddin3Saeed Ullah4Riaz Ullah5Siddique Akber Ansari6Hafiz Majid Mahmood7Ahmed Bari8Abdulrehman Alobaid9Department of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 18800, PakistanDepartment of Botany, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 18800, PakistanDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 18800, PakistanDepartment of Engineering, Sarhad University of Information Technology, Peshawar 23000, PakistanSaidu Group of Teaching Hospital Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 19130, PakistanDepartment of Pharmacognosy (MAPPRC), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaBackground: <i>Ferula ammoniacum</i> (D. Don) is one of the endemic medicinal plants that is traditionally used to treat a number of diseases. Although the plant has been used to enhance memory, the investigational evidence supporting the nootropic effect was unsubstantial. Hence, the rationale for this study was to assess the potential beneficial effect of <i>F. ammoniacum</i> seed extracts on learning and memory in mice. Methods: The powdered plant samples (aerial parts) were subjected to extraction ad fractionation. Among the extracts, crude and ethyl acetate extracts were screened for major phytochemicals through HPLC analysis. All the extracts were evaluated for the in vitro anticholinesterase (AChE and BChE) and antioxidant potentials. Among the extracts the active fraction was further assessed for improving learning and memory in mice using behavioural tests like Y-maze and novel object recognition test (NORT) using standard protocols. After behavioural tests, all the animals were sacrificed and brains tissues were assessed for the ex vivo anticholinesterase and antioxidant potentials. Results: Phytochemicals like chlorogenic acid, quercetin, mandelic acid, phloroglucinol, hydroxy benzoic acid, malic acid, epigallocatechin gallate, ellagic acid, rutin, and pyrogallol were identified in crude methanolic extract (Fa.Met) and ethyl acetate fraction (Fa.EtAc) through HPLC. Fa.EtAc and Fa.Chf extracts more potently inhibited AChE and BChE with IC50 values of 40 and 43 µg/mL, and 41 and 42 µg/mL, respectively. Similarly highest free radical scavenging potential was exhibited by Fa.EtAc fraction against DPPH (IC50 = 100 µg/mL) and ABTS (IC50 = 120 µg/mL). The extract doses, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.01) improved the short-term memory by increasing the percent spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze test along with increasing discrimination index in the NORT that clearly indicated the enhancement in the recognition memory of mice. Conclusion: The extracts more potently scavenged the tested free radicals, exhibited anticholinesterase activities, improved the learning abilities and reduced the memory impairment induced by scopolamine in mice model thus suggesting that these extracts could be effectively used for the management of oxidative stress, neurodegenerative diseases and memory loss.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/2/259<i>Ferula ammoniacum</i> (D. Don)<i>Dorema ammoniacum</i> (D. Don)HPLCcholinesterases (AChE and BChE)DPPHABTS |
| spellingShingle | Nausheen Nazir Mohammad Nisar Muhammad Zahoor Faheem Uddin Saeed Ullah Riaz Ullah Siddique Akber Ansari Hafiz Majid Mahmood Ahmed Bari Abdulrehman Alobaid Phytochemical Analysis, In Vitro Anticholinesterase, Antioxidant Activity and In Vivo Nootropic Effect of <i>Ferula ammoniacum</i> (<i>Dorema ammoniacum</i>) D. Don. in Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Mice Brain Sciences <i>Ferula ammoniacum</i> (D. Don) <i>Dorema ammoniacum</i> (D. Don) HPLC cholinesterases (AChE and BChE) DPPH ABTS |
| title | Phytochemical Analysis, In Vitro Anticholinesterase, Antioxidant Activity and In Vivo Nootropic Effect of <i>Ferula ammoniacum</i> (<i>Dorema ammoniacum</i>) D. Don. in Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Mice |
| title_full | Phytochemical Analysis, In Vitro Anticholinesterase, Antioxidant Activity and In Vivo Nootropic Effect of <i>Ferula ammoniacum</i> (<i>Dorema ammoniacum</i>) D. Don. in Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Mice |
| title_fullStr | Phytochemical Analysis, In Vitro Anticholinesterase, Antioxidant Activity and In Vivo Nootropic Effect of <i>Ferula ammoniacum</i> (<i>Dorema ammoniacum</i>) D. Don. in Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Mice |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phytochemical Analysis, In Vitro Anticholinesterase, Antioxidant Activity and In Vivo Nootropic Effect of <i>Ferula ammoniacum</i> (<i>Dorema ammoniacum</i>) D. Don. in Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Mice |
| title_short | Phytochemical Analysis, In Vitro Anticholinesterase, Antioxidant Activity and In Vivo Nootropic Effect of <i>Ferula ammoniacum</i> (<i>Dorema ammoniacum</i>) D. Don. in Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Mice |
| title_sort | phytochemical analysis in vitro anticholinesterase antioxidant activity and in vivo nootropic effect of i ferula ammoniacum i i dorema ammoniacum i d don in scopolamine induced memory impairment in mice |
| topic | <i>Ferula ammoniacum</i> (D. Don) <i>Dorema ammoniacum</i> (D. Don) HPLC cholinesterases (AChE and BChE) DPPH ABTS |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/2/259 |
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