Effect of Temperatures on Drying Kinetics, Extraction Yield, Phenolics, Flavonoids, and Antioxidant Activity of <i>Phaleria macrocarpa</i> (Scheff.) Boerl. (Mahkota Dewa) Fruits
<i>Phaleria macrocarpa</i> (Scheff.) Boerl. or ‘Mahkota Dewa’ is a popular plant found in Malaysia as it is a valuable source of phytochemicals and therapeutic properties. Drying is an essential step in the storage of <i>P. macrocarpa</i> fruits at an industrial level to ensu...
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MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/15/2859 |
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| author | Fatin Nurain Stephenus Mohammad Amil Zulhilmi Benjamin Adilah Anuar Mohd Azrie Awang |
| author_facet | Fatin Nurain Stephenus Mohammad Amil Zulhilmi Benjamin Adilah Anuar Mohd Azrie Awang |
| author_sort | Fatin Nurain Stephenus |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Phaleria macrocarpa</i> (Scheff.) Boerl. or ‘Mahkota Dewa’ is a popular plant found in Malaysia as it is a valuable source of phytochemicals and therapeutic properties. Drying is an essential step in the storage of <i>P. macrocarpa</i> fruits at an industrial level to ensure their availability for a prolonged shelf life as well as preserving their bioactive compounds. Hence, this study evaluates the effect of different temperatures on the drying kinetics, extraction yield, phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of <i>P. macrocarpa</i> fruits. The oven-drying process was carried out in this study at temperatures of 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, and 80 °C. Six thin-layer drying models (i.e., Lewis, Page, Henderson and Pabis, two-term exponential, Logarithmic, and Midilli and Kucuk models) were evaluated to study the behaviour of oven-dried <i>P. macrocarpa</i> fruits based on the coefficient of determination (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>R</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), root mean square error (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>S</mi><mi>E</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), and chi-square (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>χ</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>). The quality of the oven-dried <i>P. macrocarpa</i> fruits was determined based on their extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) using ultrasound-assisted extraction. The results showed that the time for moisture removal correspondingly increased in the oven-dried <i>P. macrocarpa</i> fruits. Apparently, the Midilli and Kucuk model is the most appropriate model to describe the drying process. The range of effective moisture diffusivity was 1.22 × <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>8</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> to 4.86 × <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>8</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mrow><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi></mrow></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, and the activation energy was 32.33 kJ/mol. The oven-dried <i>P. macrocarpa</i> fruits resulted in the highest extraction yield (33.99 ± 0.05%), TPC (55.39 ± 0.03 mg GAE/g), TFC (15.47 ± 0.00 mg RE/g), and DPPH inhibition activity (84.49 ± 0.02%) at 60 °C based on the significant difference (<i>p</i> < 0.05). A strong correlation was seen between the antioxidant activity, TPC, and TFC in the oven-dried <i>P. macrocarpa</i> fruits. The current study suggests that the oven-drying method improved the TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity of the <i>P. macrocarpa</i> fruits, which can be used to produce functional ingredients in foods and nutraceuticals. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-3a110687f3a740b3a8d3cdb4e93343922023-11-18T22:54:14ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582023-07-011215285910.3390/foods12152859Effect of Temperatures on Drying Kinetics, Extraction Yield, Phenolics, Flavonoids, and Antioxidant Activity of <i>Phaleria macrocarpa</i> (Scheff.) Boerl. (Mahkota Dewa) FruitsFatin Nurain Stephenus0Mohammad Amil Zulhilmi Benjamin1Adilah Anuar2Mohd Azrie Awang3Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, MalaysiaBorneo Research on Algesia, Inflammation and Neurodegeneration (BRAIN) Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, MalaysiaFaculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kampus UniCITI Alam, Sungai Chuchuh, Padang Besar 02100, Perlis, MalaysiaFaculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia<i>Phaleria macrocarpa</i> (Scheff.) Boerl. or ‘Mahkota Dewa’ is a popular plant found in Malaysia as it is a valuable source of phytochemicals and therapeutic properties. Drying is an essential step in the storage of <i>P. macrocarpa</i> fruits at an industrial level to ensure their availability for a prolonged shelf life as well as preserving their bioactive compounds. Hence, this study evaluates the effect of different temperatures on the drying kinetics, extraction yield, phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of <i>P. macrocarpa</i> fruits. The oven-drying process was carried out in this study at temperatures of 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, and 80 °C. Six thin-layer drying models (i.e., Lewis, Page, Henderson and Pabis, two-term exponential, Logarithmic, and Midilli and Kucuk models) were evaluated to study the behaviour of oven-dried <i>P. macrocarpa</i> fruits based on the coefficient of determination (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>R</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), root mean square error (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>S</mi><mi>E</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), and chi-square (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>χ</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>). The quality of the oven-dried <i>P. macrocarpa</i> fruits was determined based on their extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) using ultrasound-assisted extraction. The results showed that the time for moisture removal correspondingly increased in the oven-dried <i>P. macrocarpa</i> fruits. Apparently, the Midilli and Kucuk model is the most appropriate model to describe the drying process. The range of effective moisture diffusivity was 1.22 × <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>8</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> to 4.86 × <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>8</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mrow><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi></mrow></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, and the activation energy was 32.33 kJ/mol. The oven-dried <i>P. macrocarpa</i> fruits resulted in the highest extraction yield (33.99 ± 0.05%), TPC (55.39 ± 0.03 mg GAE/g), TFC (15.47 ± 0.00 mg RE/g), and DPPH inhibition activity (84.49 ± 0.02%) at 60 °C based on the significant difference (<i>p</i> < 0.05). A strong correlation was seen between the antioxidant activity, TPC, and TFC in the oven-dried <i>P. macrocarpa</i> fruits. The current study suggests that the oven-drying method improved the TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity of the <i>P. macrocarpa</i> fruits, which can be used to produce functional ingredients in foods and nutraceuticals.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/15/2859<i>Phaleria macrocarpa</i>drying kineticsextraction yieldphenolicsflavonoidsantioxidant activity |
| spellingShingle | Fatin Nurain Stephenus Mohammad Amil Zulhilmi Benjamin Adilah Anuar Mohd Azrie Awang Effect of Temperatures on Drying Kinetics, Extraction Yield, Phenolics, Flavonoids, and Antioxidant Activity of <i>Phaleria macrocarpa</i> (Scheff.) Boerl. (Mahkota Dewa) Fruits Foods <i>Phaleria macrocarpa</i> drying kinetics extraction yield phenolics flavonoids antioxidant activity |
| title | Effect of Temperatures on Drying Kinetics, Extraction Yield, Phenolics, Flavonoids, and Antioxidant Activity of <i>Phaleria macrocarpa</i> (Scheff.) Boerl. (Mahkota Dewa) Fruits |
| title_full | Effect of Temperatures on Drying Kinetics, Extraction Yield, Phenolics, Flavonoids, and Antioxidant Activity of <i>Phaleria macrocarpa</i> (Scheff.) Boerl. (Mahkota Dewa) Fruits |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Temperatures on Drying Kinetics, Extraction Yield, Phenolics, Flavonoids, and Antioxidant Activity of <i>Phaleria macrocarpa</i> (Scheff.) Boerl. (Mahkota Dewa) Fruits |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Temperatures on Drying Kinetics, Extraction Yield, Phenolics, Flavonoids, and Antioxidant Activity of <i>Phaleria macrocarpa</i> (Scheff.) Boerl. (Mahkota Dewa) Fruits |
| title_short | Effect of Temperatures on Drying Kinetics, Extraction Yield, Phenolics, Flavonoids, and Antioxidant Activity of <i>Phaleria macrocarpa</i> (Scheff.) Boerl. (Mahkota Dewa) Fruits |
| title_sort | effect of temperatures on drying kinetics extraction yield phenolics flavonoids and antioxidant activity of i phaleria macrocarpa i scheff boerl mahkota dewa fruits |
| topic | <i>Phaleria macrocarpa</i> drying kinetics extraction yield phenolics flavonoids antioxidant activity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/15/2859 |
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