Transdermal Flunixin Meglumine as a Pain Relief in Donkeys: A Pharmacokinetics Pilot Study
Recent approval of transdermal flunixin meglumine (FM) (Banamine<sup>®</sup>) in cattle has opened the door for the drug’s potential application in other species. Transdermal FM could provide a safe and effective form of pain relief in donkeys. In order to evaluate the pharmacokinetics a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Metabolites |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/13/7/776 |
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| author | Amy K. McLean Tara Falt Essam M. Abdelfattah Brittany Middlebrooks Sophie Gretler Sharon Spier David Turoff Francisco Javier Navas Gonzalez Heather K. Knych |
| author_facet | Amy K. McLean Tara Falt Essam M. Abdelfattah Brittany Middlebrooks Sophie Gretler Sharon Spier David Turoff Francisco Javier Navas Gonzalez Heather K. Knych |
| author_sort | Amy K. McLean |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Recent approval of transdermal flunixin meglumine (FM) (Banamine<sup>®</sup>) in cattle has opened the door for the drug’s potential application in other species. Transdermal FM could provide a safe and effective form of pain relief in donkeys. In order to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and effects of FM on anti-inflammatory biomarkers in donkeys, a three-way crossover study design was employed. In total, 6 healthy donkeys were administered transdermal (TD) FM at a dosage of 3.3 mg/kg, and oral (PO) and intravenous (IV) doses of 1.1 mg/kg body weight. Blood samples were collected over 96 h to determine the concentration of flunixin, 5OH flunixin, and eicosanoids (TXB2 and PGF2 alpha) using LC-MS/MS. The results indicated that both flunixin and 5OH flunixin were detectable in blood samples collected during TD. The elimination of the drug was slower following the TD route compared to PO and IV. TD administration significantly decreased TXB2 levels in non-stimulated serum from 1 to 96 h post-administration, while IV and PO resulted in TXB2 reduction for 1 to 8 h. A significant reduction in PGF2 alpha was observed in PO and IV 1 h after administration, while TD resulted in a gradual decline from 4 to 72 h. The study concluded that the off-label use of transdermal FM at 3.3 mg/kg could be effective in controlling inflammation in donkeys. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:50:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3a357a0a877947978858eeda865cd42e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-1989 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:50:40Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Metabolites |
| spelling | doaj.art-3a357a0a877947978858eeda865cd42e2023-11-18T20:27:02ZengMDPI AGMetabolites2218-19892023-06-0113777610.3390/metabo13070776Transdermal Flunixin Meglumine as a Pain Relief in Donkeys: A Pharmacokinetics Pilot StudyAmy K. McLean0Tara Falt1Essam M. Abdelfattah2Brittany Middlebrooks3Sophie Gretler4Sharon Spier5David Turoff6Francisco Javier Navas Gonzalez7Heather K. Knych8Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USADepartment of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USADepartment of Animal Hygiene, and Veterinary Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, EgyptDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USAK.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Lab, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USADepartment of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USAEquitarian Initiative, Stillwater, MN 55028, USAWorld Donkey Breeds Project, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, SpainK.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Lab, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USARecent approval of transdermal flunixin meglumine (FM) (Banamine<sup>®</sup>) in cattle has opened the door for the drug’s potential application in other species. Transdermal FM could provide a safe and effective form of pain relief in donkeys. In order to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and effects of FM on anti-inflammatory biomarkers in donkeys, a three-way crossover study design was employed. In total, 6 healthy donkeys were administered transdermal (TD) FM at a dosage of 3.3 mg/kg, and oral (PO) and intravenous (IV) doses of 1.1 mg/kg body weight. Blood samples were collected over 96 h to determine the concentration of flunixin, 5OH flunixin, and eicosanoids (TXB2 and PGF2 alpha) using LC-MS/MS. The results indicated that both flunixin and 5OH flunixin were detectable in blood samples collected during TD. The elimination of the drug was slower following the TD route compared to PO and IV. TD administration significantly decreased TXB2 levels in non-stimulated serum from 1 to 96 h post-administration, while IV and PO resulted in TXB2 reduction for 1 to 8 h. A significant reduction in PGF2 alpha was observed in PO and IV 1 h after administration, while TD resulted in a gradual decline from 4 to 72 h. The study concluded that the off-label use of transdermal FM at 3.3 mg/kg could be effective in controlling inflammation in donkeys.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/13/7/776donkeysflunixinpharmacokineticseicosanoidspharmacologytransdermal flunixin |
| spellingShingle | Amy K. McLean Tara Falt Essam M. Abdelfattah Brittany Middlebrooks Sophie Gretler Sharon Spier David Turoff Francisco Javier Navas Gonzalez Heather K. Knych Transdermal Flunixin Meglumine as a Pain Relief in Donkeys: A Pharmacokinetics Pilot Study Metabolites donkeys flunixin pharmacokinetics eicosanoids pharmacology transdermal flunixin |
| title | Transdermal Flunixin Meglumine as a Pain Relief in Donkeys: A Pharmacokinetics Pilot Study |
| title_full | Transdermal Flunixin Meglumine as a Pain Relief in Donkeys: A Pharmacokinetics Pilot Study |
| title_fullStr | Transdermal Flunixin Meglumine as a Pain Relief in Donkeys: A Pharmacokinetics Pilot Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Transdermal Flunixin Meglumine as a Pain Relief in Donkeys: A Pharmacokinetics Pilot Study |
| title_short | Transdermal Flunixin Meglumine as a Pain Relief in Donkeys: A Pharmacokinetics Pilot Study |
| title_sort | transdermal flunixin meglumine as a pain relief in donkeys a pharmacokinetics pilot study |
| topic | donkeys flunixin pharmacokinetics eicosanoids pharmacology transdermal flunixin |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/13/7/776 |
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