Distinguishability between ancient and modern leaded tin bronzes by the composition of their lead inclusions
The composition of lead inclusions in modern and ancient leaded tin bronzes was studied by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) in Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Lattice parameter of lead inclusions in all bronzes was smaller than the lattice parameter of pure lead....
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Taylor & Francis Group
2019-12-01
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| Series: | Science and Technology of Archaeological Research |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20548923.2019.1649082 |
| _version_ | 1818302479849226240 |
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| author | S. Shilstein A. Berner Y. Feldman S. Shalev Yu. Rosenberg |
| author_facet | S. Shilstein A. Berner Y. Feldman S. Shalev Yu. Rosenberg |
| author_sort | S. Shilstein |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The composition of lead inclusions in modern and ancient leaded tin bronzes was studied by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) in Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Lattice parameter of lead inclusions in all bronzes was smaller than the lattice parameter of pure lead. This determination indicates that lead inclusions in bronzes are nothing else but Pb–Sn solid solutions. Tin concentration in lead inclusions in modern bronzes was not less than 3 at% in accordance with the Pb–Sn phase diagram, tin concentration in lead inclusions of ancient bronzes was as low as 1 at%. This difference enables a distinction between ancient bronze artefacts and modern products including the most sophisticated fakes. On the other hand, our work demonstrates that the generally accepted Pb–Sn phase diagram corresponds to an incomplete equilibrium state and only after centuries-long aging at ambient temperatures does the Pb–Sn solid solution reach real equilibrium. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-13T05:39:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3a41e635842a4267bc60ff2c63017068 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2054-8923 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-13T05:39:34Z |
| publishDate | 2019-12-01 |
| publisher | Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Science and Technology of Archaeological Research |
| spelling | doaj.art-3a41e635842a4267bc60ff2c630170682022-12-21T23:57:49ZengTaylor & Francis GroupScience and Technology of Archaeological Research2054-89232019-12-0152293510.1080/20548923.2019.16490821649082Distinguishability between ancient and modern leaded tin bronzes by the composition of their lead inclusionsS. Shilstein0A. Berner1Y. Feldman2S. Shalev3Yu. Rosenberg4Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of ScienceDepartment of Material Science and Engineering, TechnionDepartment of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of ScienceDepartment of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of ScienceWolfson Applied Materials Research Centre, Tel Aviv UniversityThe composition of lead inclusions in modern and ancient leaded tin bronzes was studied by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) in Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Lattice parameter of lead inclusions in all bronzes was smaller than the lattice parameter of pure lead. This determination indicates that lead inclusions in bronzes are nothing else but Pb–Sn solid solutions. Tin concentration in lead inclusions in modern bronzes was not less than 3 at% in accordance with the Pb–Sn phase diagram, tin concentration in lead inclusions of ancient bronzes was as low as 1 at%. This difference enables a distinction between ancient bronze artefacts and modern products including the most sophisticated fakes. On the other hand, our work demonstrates that the generally accepted Pb–Sn phase diagram corresponds to an incomplete equilibrium state and only after centuries-long aging at ambient temperatures does the Pb–Sn solid solution reach real equilibrium.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20548923.2019.1649082leaded tin ancient and modern bronzesx-ray diffractionenergy dispersive spectroscopy in scanning electron microscopelead inclusionscomposition of pb–sn solid solutions |
| spellingShingle | S. Shilstein A. Berner Y. Feldman S. Shalev Yu. Rosenberg Distinguishability between ancient and modern leaded tin bronzes by the composition of their lead inclusions Science and Technology of Archaeological Research leaded tin ancient and modern bronzes x-ray diffraction energy dispersive spectroscopy in scanning electron microscope lead inclusions composition of pb–sn solid solutions |
| title | Distinguishability between ancient and modern leaded tin bronzes by the composition of their lead inclusions |
| title_full | Distinguishability between ancient and modern leaded tin bronzes by the composition of their lead inclusions |
| title_fullStr | Distinguishability between ancient and modern leaded tin bronzes by the composition of their lead inclusions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Distinguishability between ancient and modern leaded tin bronzes by the composition of their lead inclusions |
| title_short | Distinguishability between ancient and modern leaded tin bronzes by the composition of their lead inclusions |
| title_sort | distinguishability between ancient and modern leaded tin bronzes by the composition of their lead inclusions |
| topic | leaded tin ancient and modern bronzes x-ray diffraction energy dispersive spectroscopy in scanning electron microscope lead inclusions composition of pb–sn solid solutions |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20548923.2019.1649082 |
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