The Effect of Laser Ablation Pulse Width and Feed Speed on Necrosis and Surface Damage of Cortical Bone
Abstract Bone cutting is of importance in orthopaedic surgery but is also challenging due to its nature of brittleness—where severe mechanical and thermal damages can be introduced easily in conventional machining. Laser machining is a new technology that can allow for complex cut geometries whilst...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
SpringerOpen
2022-05-01
|
| Series: | Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s10033-022-00740-1 |
| _version_ | 1811250958465761280 |
|---|---|
| author | Jose A. Robles-Linares Kieran Winter Zhirong Liao |
| author_facet | Jose A. Robles-Linares Kieran Winter Zhirong Liao |
| author_sort | Jose A. Robles-Linares |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Bone cutting is of importance in orthopaedic surgery but is also challenging due to its nature of brittleness—where severe mechanical and thermal damages can be introduced easily in conventional machining. Laser machining is a new technology that can allow for complex cut geometries whilst minimising surface defects i.e., smearing, which occur in mechanical methods. However, comparative studies on the influence of lasers with different pulse characteristics on necrotic damage and surface integrity have not been reported yet. This paper for the first time investigates the effects of laser type on the necrotic damage and surface integrity in fresh bovine cortical bone after ex-situ laser machining. Three lasers of different pulse widths, i.e., picosecond, nanosecond and continuous wave lasers have been investigated with different feed speeds tested to study the machining efficiency. The cutting temperature, and geometrical outputs have been measured to investigate the thermal influence on the cooling behaviour of the bone samples while high-speed imaging was used to compare the material removal mechanisms between a pulsed and continuous wave laser. Furthermore, an in-depth histological analysis of the subsurface has revealed that the nanosecond laser caused the largest necrotic depth, owing to the high pulse frequency limiting the dissipation of heat. It has also been observed that surface cracks positioned perpendicular to the trench direction were produced after machining by the picosecond laser, indicative of the photomechanical effect induced by plasma explosions. Therefore, the choice of laser type (i.e., in terms of its pulse width and frequency) needs to be critically considered for appropriate application during laser osteotomy with minimum damage and improved healing. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T16:12:29Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3a47737c070f4b689664d4f029a87e8e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1000-9345 2192-8258 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T16:12:29Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | SpringerOpen |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering |
| spelling | doaj.art-3a47737c070f4b689664d4f029a87e8e2022-12-22T03:25:51ZengSpringerOpenChinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering1000-93452192-82582022-05-0135111710.1186/s10033-022-00740-1The Effect of Laser Ablation Pulse Width and Feed Speed on Necrosis and Surface Damage of Cortical BoneJose A. Robles-Linares0Kieran Winter1Zhirong Liao2Faculty of Engineering, University of NottinghamFaculty of Engineering, University of NottinghamFaculty of Engineering, University of NottinghamAbstract Bone cutting is of importance in orthopaedic surgery but is also challenging due to its nature of brittleness—where severe mechanical and thermal damages can be introduced easily in conventional machining. Laser machining is a new technology that can allow for complex cut geometries whilst minimising surface defects i.e., smearing, which occur in mechanical methods. However, comparative studies on the influence of lasers with different pulse characteristics on necrotic damage and surface integrity have not been reported yet. This paper for the first time investigates the effects of laser type on the necrotic damage and surface integrity in fresh bovine cortical bone after ex-situ laser machining. Three lasers of different pulse widths, i.e., picosecond, nanosecond and continuous wave lasers have been investigated with different feed speeds tested to study the machining efficiency. The cutting temperature, and geometrical outputs have been measured to investigate the thermal influence on the cooling behaviour of the bone samples while high-speed imaging was used to compare the material removal mechanisms between a pulsed and continuous wave laser. Furthermore, an in-depth histological analysis of the subsurface has revealed that the nanosecond laser caused the largest necrotic depth, owing to the high pulse frequency limiting the dissipation of heat. It has also been observed that surface cracks positioned perpendicular to the trench direction were produced after machining by the picosecond laser, indicative of the photomechanical effect induced by plasma explosions. Therefore, the choice of laser type (i.e., in terms of its pulse width and frequency) needs to be critically considered for appropriate application during laser osteotomy with minimum damage and improved healing.https://doi.org/10.1186/s10033-022-00740-1Bone cuttingNecrosisSurface damageLaser machiningHistology |
| spellingShingle | Jose A. Robles-Linares Kieran Winter Zhirong Liao The Effect of Laser Ablation Pulse Width and Feed Speed on Necrosis and Surface Damage of Cortical Bone Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering Bone cutting Necrosis Surface damage Laser machining Histology |
| title | The Effect of Laser Ablation Pulse Width and Feed Speed on Necrosis and Surface Damage of Cortical Bone |
| title_full | The Effect of Laser Ablation Pulse Width and Feed Speed on Necrosis and Surface Damage of Cortical Bone |
| title_fullStr | The Effect of Laser Ablation Pulse Width and Feed Speed on Necrosis and Surface Damage of Cortical Bone |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effect of Laser Ablation Pulse Width and Feed Speed on Necrosis and Surface Damage of Cortical Bone |
| title_short | The Effect of Laser Ablation Pulse Width and Feed Speed on Necrosis and Surface Damage of Cortical Bone |
| title_sort | effect of laser ablation pulse width and feed speed on necrosis and surface damage of cortical bone |
| topic | Bone cutting Necrosis Surface damage Laser machining Histology |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s10033-022-00740-1 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT josearobleslinares theeffectoflaserablationpulsewidthandfeedspeedonnecrosisandsurfacedamageofcorticalbone AT kieranwinter theeffectoflaserablationpulsewidthandfeedspeedonnecrosisandsurfacedamageofcorticalbone AT zhirongliao theeffectoflaserablationpulsewidthandfeedspeedonnecrosisandsurfacedamageofcorticalbone AT josearobleslinares effectoflaserablationpulsewidthandfeedspeedonnecrosisandsurfacedamageofcorticalbone AT kieranwinter effectoflaserablationpulsewidthandfeedspeedonnecrosisandsurfacedamageofcorticalbone AT zhirongliao effectoflaserablationpulsewidthandfeedspeedonnecrosisandsurfacedamageofcorticalbone |