Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Carnosic Acid and Carnosol in Standardized Rosemary Extract and the Effect on the Disease Activity Index of DSS-Induced Colitis
Rosemary extract (RE) is an approved food preservative in the European Union and contains dietary phytochemicals that are beneficial for gastrointestinal health. This study investigated the effects of RE on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis and also determined the pharmacokinetics of diet...
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MDPI AG
2021-02-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/3/773 |
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| author | Jacob P. Veenstra Bhaskar Vemu Restituto Tocmo Mirielle C. Nauman Jeremy J. Johnson |
| author_facet | Jacob P. Veenstra Bhaskar Vemu Restituto Tocmo Mirielle C. Nauman Jeremy J. Johnson |
| author_sort | Jacob P. Veenstra |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Rosemary extract (RE) is an approved food preservative in the European Union and contains dietary phytochemicals that are beneficial for gastrointestinal health. This study investigated the effects of RE on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis and also determined the pharmacokinetics of dietary phytochemicals administered to mice via oral gavage. Individual components of rosemary extract were separated and identified by LC–MS/MS. The pharmacokinetics of two major diterpenes from RE, carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol (CL), administered to mice via oral gavage were determined. Then, the effect of RE pre-treatment on the disease activity index (DAI) of DSS-induced colitis in mice was investigated. The study determined that 100 mg/kg RE significantly improved DAI in DSS-induced colitis compared to negative control. Sestrin 2 protein expression, which increased with DSS exposure, was reduced with RE treatment. Intestinal barrier integrity was also shown to improve via fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)–dextran administration and Western blot of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), a tight junction protein. Rosemary extract was able to improve the DAI of DSS-induced colitis in mice at a daily dose of 100 mg/kg and showed improvement in the intestinal barrier integrity. This study suggests that RE can be an effective preventative agent against IBD. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:19:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3a78e56db92045f7b71f929e8f1622bb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:19:33Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-3a78e56db92045f7b71f929e8f1622bb2023-12-03T11:48:53ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432021-02-0113377310.3390/nu13030773Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Carnosic Acid and Carnosol in Standardized Rosemary Extract and the Effect on the Disease Activity Index of DSS-Induced ColitisJacob P. Veenstra0Bhaskar Vemu1Restituto Tocmo2Mirielle C. Nauman3Jeremy J. Johnson4Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USADepartment of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USADepartment of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USADepartment of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USADepartment of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USARosemary extract (RE) is an approved food preservative in the European Union and contains dietary phytochemicals that are beneficial for gastrointestinal health. This study investigated the effects of RE on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis and also determined the pharmacokinetics of dietary phytochemicals administered to mice via oral gavage. Individual components of rosemary extract were separated and identified by LC–MS/MS. The pharmacokinetics of two major diterpenes from RE, carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol (CL), administered to mice via oral gavage were determined. Then, the effect of RE pre-treatment on the disease activity index (DAI) of DSS-induced colitis in mice was investigated. The study determined that 100 mg/kg RE significantly improved DAI in DSS-induced colitis compared to negative control. Sestrin 2 protein expression, which increased with DSS exposure, was reduced with RE treatment. Intestinal barrier integrity was also shown to improve via fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)–dextran administration and Western blot of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), a tight junction protein. Rosemary extract was able to improve the DAI of DSS-induced colitis in mice at a daily dose of 100 mg/kg and showed improvement in the intestinal barrier integrity. This study suggests that RE can be an effective preventative agent against IBD.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/3/773disease activity index (DAI)inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)rosemarysestrin 2tight junctions |
| spellingShingle | Jacob P. Veenstra Bhaskar Vemu Restituto Tocmo Mirielle C. Nauman Jeremy J. Johnson Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Carnosic Acid and Carnosol in Standardized Rosemary Extract and the Effect on the Disease Activity Index of DSS-Induced Colitis Nutrients disease activity index (DAI) inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) rosemary sestrin 2 tight junctions |
| title | Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Carnosic Acid and Carnosol in Standardized Rosemary Extract and the Effect on the Disease Activity Index of DSS-Induced Colitis |
| title_full | Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Carnosic Acid and Carnosol in Standardized Rosemary Extract and the Effect on the Disease Activity Index of DSS-Induced Colitis |
| title_fullStr | Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Carnosic Acid and Carnosol in Standardized Rosemary Extract and the Effect on the Disease Activity Index of DSS-Induced Colitis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Carnosic Acid and Carnosol in Standardized Rosemary Extract and the Effect on the Disease Activity Index of DSS-Induced Colitis |
| title_short | Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Carnosic Acid and Carnosol in Standardized Rosemary Extract and the Effect on the Disease Activity Index of DSS-Induced Colitis |
| title_sort | pharmacokinetic analysis of carnosic acid and carnosol in standardized rosemary extract and the effect on the disease activity index of dss induced colitis |
| topic | disease activity index (DAI) inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) rosemary sestrin 2 tight junctions |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/3/773 |
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