Westward Expansion by <i>Juniperus virginiana</i> of the Eastern United States and Intersection with Western <i>Juniperus</i> Species in a Novel Assemblage
Eastern redcedar (<i>Juniperus virginiana</i> L.) is increasing in density in the eastern United States and expanding in range to the west, while western <i>Juniperus</i> species also are increasing and expanding, creating the potential for a novel assemblage. I estimated ran...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Forests |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/1/101 |
| _version_ | 1797493966320435200 |
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| author | Brice B. Hanberry |
| author_facet | Brice B. Hanberry |
| author_sort | Brice B. Hanberry |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Eastern redcedar (<i>Juniperus virginiana</i> L.) is increasing in density in the eastern United States and expanding in range to the west, while western <i>Juniperus</i> species also are increasing and expanding, creating the potential for a novel assemblage. I estimated range expansion and intersection by comparing recent USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis surveys (mean year = 2009) to the oldest available surveys (mean year = 1981), with adjustments for sampling changes, and predicted climate envelopes during the following year ranges: 1500–1599, 1800–1849, 1850–1899, 1900–1949, and 1960–1989. During approximately 28 years, eastern redcedar range expanded by about 54 million ha (based on ≥0.5% of total stems ≥12.7 cm in diameter in ecological subsections). Combined range of western species of juniper did not expand. Range intersection of eastern redcedar and western <i>Juniperus</i> species totaled 200,000 km<sup>2</sup> and increased by 31,600 km<sup>2</sup> over time, representing a novel assemblage of eastern and western species. Predicted ranges during the other time intervals were 94% to 98% of predicted area during 1960–1989, suggesting major climate conditions have been suitable for centuries. The southern western <i>Juniperus</i> species and Rocky Mountain juniper (<i>Juniperus scopulorum</i> Sarg.) have the greatest potential for intersection with eastern redcedar, whereas eastern redcedar may have concluded westward expansion. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:27:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3a85a29a5e8444c4861373faadc507fd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4907 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:27:34Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Forests |
| spelling | doaj.art-3a85a29a5e8444c4861373faadc507fd2023-11-23T13:47:53ZengMDPI AGForests1999-49072022-01-0113110110.3390/f13010101Westward Expansion by <i>Juniperus virginiana</i> of the Eastern United States and Intersection with Western <i>Juniperus</i> Species in a Novel AssemblageBrice B. Hanberry0Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Rapid City, SD 57702, USAEastern redcedar (<i>Juniperus virginiana</i> L.) is increasing in density in the eastern United States and expanding in range to the west, while western <i>Juniperus</i> species also are increasing and expanding, creating the potential for a novel assemblage. I estimated range expansion and intersection by comparing recent USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis surveys (mean year = 2009) to the oldest available surveys (mean year = 1981), with adjustments for sampling changes, and predicted climate envelopes during the following year ranges: 1500–1599, 1800–1849, 1850–1899, 1900–1949, and 1960–1989. During approximately 28 years, eastern redcedar range expanded by about 54 million ha (based on ≥0.5% of total stems ≥12.7 cm in diameter in ecological subsections). Combined range of western species of juniper did not expand. Range intersection of eastern redcedar and western <i>Juniperus</i> species totaled 200,000 km<sup>2</sup> and increased by 31,600 km<sup>2</sup> over time, representing a novel assemblage of eastern and western species. Predicted ranges during the other time intervals were 94% to 98% of predicted area during 1960–1989, suggesting major climate conditions have been suitable for centuries. The southern western <i>Juniperus</i> species and Rocky Mountain juniper (<i>Juniperus scopulorum</i> Sarg.) have the greatest potential for intersection with eastern redcedar, whereas eastern redcedar may have concluded westward expansion.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/1/101densificationeastern redcedarencroachmentrange shiftRocky Mountain juniper |
| spellingShingle | Brice B. Hanberry Westward Expansion by <i>Juniperus virginiana</i> of the Eastern United States and Intersection with Western <i>Juniperus</i> Species in a Novel Assemblage Forests densification eastern redcedar encroachment range shift Rocky Mountain juniper |
| title | Westward Expansion by <i>Juniperus virginiana</i> of the Eastern United States and Intersection with Western <i>Juniperus</i> Species in a Novel Assemblage |
| title_full | Westward Expansion by <i>Juniperus virginiana</i> of the Eastern United States and Intersection with Western <i>Juniperus</i> Species in a Novel Assemblage |
| title_fullStr | Westward Expansion by <i>Juniperus virginiana</i> of the Eastern United States and Intersection with Western <i>Juniperus</i> Species in a Novel Assemblage |
| title_full_unstemmed | Westward Expansion by <i>Juniperus virginiana</i> of the Eastern United States and Intersection with Western <i>Juniperus</i> Species in a Novel Assemblage |
| title_short | Westward Expansion by <i>Juniperus virginiana</i> of the Eastern United States and Intersection with Western <i>Juniperus</i> Species in a Novel Assemblage |
| title_sort | westward expansion by i juniperus virginiana i of the eastern united states and intersection with western i juniperus i species in a novel assemblage |
| topic | densification eastern redcedar encroachment range shift Rocky Mountain juniper |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/1/101 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bricebhanberry westwardexpansionbyijuniperusvirginianaioftheeasternunitedstatesandintersectionwithwesternijuniperusispeciesinanovelassemblage |