What Do In Vitro and In Vivo Models Tell Us about Anisakiasis? New Tools Still to Be Explored
Anisakiasis is a zoonosis caused by the ingestion of raw or undercooked seafood infected with third-stage larvae (L3) of the marine nematode <i>Anisakis</i>. Based on L3 localization in human accidental hosts, gastric, intestinal or ectopic (extra-gastrointestinal) anisakiasis can occur,...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/3/285 |
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| author | Serena Cavallero Ilaria Bellini Antonella Pizzarelli Stefano D’Amelio |
| author_facet | Serena Cavallero Ilaria Bellini Antonella Pizzarelli Stefano D’Amelio |
| author_sort | Serena Cavallero |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Anisakiasis is a zoonosis caused by the ingestion of raw or undercooked seafood infected with third-stage larvae (L3) of the marine nematode <i>Anisakis</i>. Based on L3 localization in human accidental hosts, gastric, intestinal or ectopic (extra-gastrointestinal) anisakiasis can occur, in association with mild to severe symptoms of an allergic nature. Given the increasing consumption of fish worldwide, the European Food Safety Authority declared <i>Anisakis</i> as an emerging pathogen. Despite its importance for public health and economy, the scientific literature is largely characterized by taxonomic, systematic and ecological studies, while investigations on clinical aspects, such as the inflammatory and immune response during anisakiasis, using a proper model that simulates the niche of infection are still very scarce. The aims of this review are to describe the clinical features of anisakiasis, to report the main evidence from the in vivo and in vitro studies carried out to date, highlighting limitations, and to propose future perspectives in the study field of anisakiasis. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:02:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3a8aa50e8b394b97bfd5265426b98bac |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:02:33Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-3a8aa50e8b394b97bfd5265426b98bac2023-11-30T21:51:55ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172022-02-0111328510.3390/pathogens11030285What Do In Vitro and In Vivo Models Tell Us about Anisakiasis? New Tools Still to Be ExploredSerena Cavallero0Ilaria Bellini1Antonella Pizzarelli2Stefano D’Amelio3Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, ItalyAnisakiasis is a zoonosis caused by the ingestion of raw or undercooked seafood infected with third-stage larvae (L3) of the marine nematode <i>Anisakis</i>. Based on L3 localization in human accidental hosts, gastric, intestinal or ectopic (extra-gastrointestinal) anisakiasis can occur, in association with mild to severe symptoms of an allergic nature. Given the increasing consumption of fish worldwide, the European Food Safety Authority declared <i>Anisakis</i> as an emerging pathogen. Despite its importance for public health and economy, the scientific literature is largely characterized by taxonomic, systematic and ecological studies, while investigations on clinical aspects, such as the inflammatory and immune response during anisakiasis, using a proper model that simulates the niche of infection are still very scarce. The aims of this review are to describe the clinical features of anisakiasis, to report the main evidence from the in vivo and in vitro studies carried out to date, highlighting limitations, and to propose future perspectives in the study field of anisakiasis.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/3/285anisakiasisin vitro modelin vivo modelimmune responsehost–parasite interplay |
| spellingShingle | Serena Cavallero Ilaria Bellini Antonella Pizzarelli Stefano D’Amelio What Do In Vitro and In Vivo Models Tell Us about Anisakiasis? New Tools Still to Be Explored Pathogens anisakiasis in vitro model in vivo model immune response host–parasite interplay |
| title | What Do In Vitro and In Vivo Models Tell Us about Anisakiasis? New Tools Still to Be Explored |
| title_full | What Do In Vitro and In Vivo Models Tell Us about Anisakiasis? New Tools Still to Be Explored |
| title_fullStr | What Do In Vitro and In Vivo Models Tell Us about Anisakiasis? New Tools Still to Be Explored |
| title_full_unstemmed | What Do In Vitro and In Vivo Models Tell Us about Anisakiasis? New Tools Still to Be Explored |
| title_short | What Do In Vitro and In Vivo Models Tell Us about Anisakiasis? New Tools Still to Be Explored |
| title_sort | what do in vitro and in vivo models tell us about anisakiasis new tools still to be explored |
| topic | anisakiasis in vitro model in vivo model immune response host–parasite interplay |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/3/285 |
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