Antagonistic Effects of Lipids Against the Anti-Escherichia coli and Anti-Salmonella Activity of Thymol and Thymol-β-d-Glucopyranoside in Porcine Gut and Fecal Cultures In Vitro
Strategies are sought to reduce the carriage and dissemination of zoonotic pathogens and antimicrobial-resistant microbes within food-producing animals and their production environment. Thymol (an essential oil) is a potent bactericide in vitro but in vivo efficacy has been inconsistent, largely due...
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| Format: | Article |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-09-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.751266/full |
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| author | Robin C. Anderson Gizem Levent Gizem Levent Branko T. Petrujkić Branko T. Petrujkić Roger B. Harvey Michael E. Hume Haiqi He Kenneth J. Genovese Ross C. Beier Toni L. Poole Tawni L. Crippen David J. Nisbet |
| author_facet | Robin C. Anderson Gizem Levent Gizem Levent Branko T. Petrujkić Branko T. Petrujkić Roger B. Harvey Michael E. Hume Haiqi He Kenneth J. Genovese Ross C. Beier Toni L. Poole Tawni L. Crippen David J. Nisbet |
| author_sort | Robin C. Anderson |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Strategies are sought to reduce the carriage and dissemination of zoonotic pathogens and antimicrobial-resistant microbes within food-producing animals and their production environment. Thymol (an essential oil) is a potent bactericide in vitro but in vivo efficacy has been inconsistent, largely due to its lipophilicity and absorption, which limits its passage and subsequent availability in the distal gastrointestinal tract. Conjugation of thymol to glucose to form thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside can decrease its absorption, but in vivo passage of effective concentrations to the lower gut remains suboptimal. Considering that contemporary swine diets often contain 5% or more added fat (to increase caloric density and reduce dustiness), we hypothesized that there may be sufficient residual fat in the distal intestinal tract to sequester free or conjugated thymol, thereby limiting the availability and subsequent effectiveness of this biocide. In support of this hypothesis, the anti-Salmonella Typhimurium effects of 6 mM free or conjugated thymol, expressed as log10-fold reductions of colony-forming units (CFU) ml−1, were diminished 90 and 58%, respectively, following 24-h in vitro anaerobic fecal incubation (at 39°C) with 3% added vegetable oil compared to reductions achieved during culture without added oil (6.1 log10 CFU ml−1). The antagonistic effect of vegetable oil and the bactericidal effect of free and conjugated thymol against Escherichia coli K88 tested similarly were diminished 86 and 84%, respectively, compared to reductions achieved in cultures incubated without added vegetable oil (5.7 log10 CFU ml−1). Inclusion of taurine (8 mg/ml), bile acids (0.6 mg/ml), or emulsifiers such as polyoxyethylene-40 stearate (0.2%), Tween 20, or Tween 80 (each at 1%) in the in vitro incubations had little effect on vegetable oil-caused inhibition of free or conjugated thymol. Based on these results, it seems reasonable to suspect that undigested lipid in the distal gut may limit the effectiveness of free or conjugated thymol. Accordingly, additional research is warranted to learn how to overcome obstacles diminishing bactericidal activity of free and conjugated thymol in the lower gastrointestinal tract of food-producing animals. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-22T00:40:37Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2297-1769 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-22T00:40:37Z |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
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| series | Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-3ab7fac7bacd4a78822043093f4a37192022-12-21T18:44:42ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Veterinary Science2297-17692021-09-01810.3389/fvets.2021.751266751266Antagonistic Effects of Lipids Against the Anti-Escherichia coli and Anti-Salmonella Activity of Thymol and Thymol-β-d-Glucopyranoside in Porcine Gut and Fecal Cultures In VitroRobin C. Anderson0Gizem Levent1Gizem Levent2Branko T. Petrujkić3Branko T. Petrujkić4Roger B. Harvey5Michael E. Hume6Haiqi He7Kenneth J. Genovese8Ross C. Beier9Toni L. Poole10Tawni L. Crippen11David J. Nisbet12United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, United StatesUnited States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, United StatesDepartment of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United StatesUnited States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, United StatesDepartment of Nutrition and Botany, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, SerbiaUnited States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, United StatesUnited States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, United StatesUnited States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, United StatesUnited States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, United StatesUnited States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, United StatesUnited States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, United StatesUnited States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, United StatesUnited States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, United StatesStrategies are sought to reduce the carriage and dissemination of zoonotic pathogens and antimicrobial-resistant microbes within food-producing animals and their production environment. Thymol (an essential oil) is a potent bactericide in vitro but in vivo efficacy has been inconsistent, largely due to its lipophilicity and absorption, which limits its passage and subsequent availability in the distal gastrointestinal tract. Conjugation of thymol to glucose to form thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside can decrease its absorption, but in vivo passage of effective concentrations to the lower gut remains suboptimal. Considering that contemporary swine diets often contain 5% or more added fat (to increase caloric density and reduce dustiness), we hypothesized that there may be sufficient residual fat in the distal intestinal tract to sequester free or conjugated thymol, thereby limiting the availability and subsequent effectiveness of this biocide. In support of this hypothesis, the anti-Salmonella Typhimurium effects of 6 mM free or conjugated thymol, expressed as log10-fold reductions of colony-forming units (CFU) ml−1, were diminished 90 and 58%, respectively, following 24-h in vitro anaerobic fecal incubation (at 39°C) with 3% added vegetable oil compared to reductions achieved during culture without added oil (6.1 log10 CFU ml−1). The antagonistic effect of vegetable oil and the bactericidal effect of free and conjugated thymol against Escherichia coli K88 tested similarly were diminished 86 and 84%, respectively, compared to reductions achieved in cultures incubated without added vegetable oil (5.7 log10 CFU ml−1). Inclusion of taurine (8 mg/ml), bile acids (0.6 mg/ml), or emulsifiers such as polyoxyethylene-40 stearate (0.2%), Tween 20, or Tween 80 (each at 1%) in the in vitro incubations had little effect on vegetable oil-caused inhibition of free or conjugated thymol. Based on these results, it seems reasonable to suspect that undigested lipid in the distal gut may limit the effectiveness of free or conjugated thymol. Accordingly, additional research is warranted to learn how to overcome obstacles diminishing bactericidal activity of free and conjugated thymol in the lower gastrointestinal tract of food-producing animals.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.751266/fullantibiotic alternativeSalmonellaE. colithymolthymol-β-d-glucopyranoside |
| spellingShingle | Robin C. Anderson Gizem Levent Gizem Levent Branko T. Petrujkić Branko T. Petrujkić Roger B. Harvey Michael E. Hume Haiqi He Kenneth J. Genovese Ross C. Beier Toni L. Poole Tawni L. Crippen David J. Nisbet Antagonistic Effects of Lipids Against the Anti-Escherichia coli and Anti-Salmonella Activity of Thymol and Thymol-β-d-Glucopyranoside in Porcine Gut and Fecal Cultures In Vitro Frontiers in Veterinary Science antibiotic alternative Salmonella E. coli thymol thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside |
| title | Antagonistic Effects of Lipids Against the Anti-Escherichia coli and Anti-Salmonella Activity of Thymol and Thymol-β-d-Glucopyranoside in Porcine Gut and Fecal Cultures In Vitro |
| title_full | Antagonistic Effects of Lipids Against the Anti-Escherichia coli and Anti-Salmonella Activity of Thymol and Thymol-β-d-Glucopyranoside in Porcine Gut and Fecal Cultures In Vitro |
| title_fullStr | Antagonistic Effects of Lipids Against the Anti-Escherichia coli and Anti-Salmonella Activity of Thymol and Thymol-β-d-Glucopyranoside in Porcine Gut and Fecal Cultures In Vitro |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antagonistic Effects of Lipids Against the Anti-Escherichia coli and Anti-Salmonella Activity of Thymol and Thymol-β-d-Glucopyranoside in Porcine Gut and Fecal Cultures In Vitro |
| title_short | Antagonistic Effects of Lipids Against the Anti-Escherichia coli and Anti-Salmonella Activity of Thymol and Thymol-β-d-Glucopyranoside in Porcine Gut and Fecal Cultures In Vitro |
| title_sort | antagonistic effects of lipids against the anti escherichia coli and anti salmonella activity of thymol and thymol β d glucopyranoside in porcine gut and fecal cultures in vitro |
| topic | antibiotic alternative Salmonella E. coli thymol thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.751266/full |
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