Synthesis of a Doped α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Catalyst for High-Efficiency Degradation of Diazinon Contaminant from Liquid Wastes
In this work, a hematite/porous graphite carbon-nitride (α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) catalyst was synthesized through the doping of hematite loaded onto porous graphite carbon-nitride using a heat treatment process. Then...
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Magnetochemistry |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2312-7481/8/11/137 |
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| author | Tariq J. Al-Musawi Rasoul Asgariyan Murat Yilmaz Nezamaddin Mengelizadeh Abolfazl Asghari Davoud Balarak Mohammad Darvishmotevall |
| author_facet | Tariq J. Al-Musawi Rasoul Asgariyan Murat Yilmaz Nezamaddin Mengelizadeh Abolfazl Asghari Davoud Balarak Mohammad Darvishmotevall |
| author_sort | Tariq J. Al-Musawi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this work, a hematite/porous graphite carbon-nitride (α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) catalyst was synthesized through the doping of hematite loaded onto porous graphite carbon-nitride using a heat treatment process. Then, the ability of catalyst was evaluated to degrade diazinon (DZN) for the first time, mainly via the sonophotocatalytic process. Among the samples, the greatest DZN degradation was observed in the sonophotocatalytic system, which separated 100% of DZN from the aqueous solution after 50 min, while the removal percentages for the sonocatalytic, photocatalytic, and adsorption systems were 72.9, 89.1, and 58.1%, respectively. The results of scavengers showed that both sulfate and hydroxyl radicals (<sup>•</sup>OH) participated in removing DZN, although positive holes and negative <sup>•</sup>OH played a major role. Moreover, the removal efficiencies of the target pollutant using the sonophotocatalytic process were higher than those using the photocatalytic, sonocatalytic, and adsorption processes. The reaction profile followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the reaction rate coefficient for the sonophotocatalytic system was 2.2 times higher than that of the photocatalytic system and 2.64 times higher than that of the sonocatalytic system. The energy consumption of the sonophotocatalytic system after 60 min was 11.6 kWh/m<sup>3</sup>, while it was 31.1 kWh/m<sup>3</sup> for the photocatalytic system. A DZN removal percentage of 100% was obtained after 50 min under the following conditions: UV intensity of 36 watts, ultrasound frequency of 36 kHz, DZN concentration of 50 mg/L at pH 5, and α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> dosage of 0.4 g/L. The catalyst reusability was examined with only a 9.9% reduction in efficiency after eight consecutive cycles. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic compound (TOC) removal percentages were 95.6% and 88.6%, respectively, and the five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD<sub>5</sub>)/COD ratio was 0.16 at the beginning of the degradation process and 0.69 at the end of the process. In addition, toxicological experiments showed that degradation of DZN by the sonophotocatalytic process exhibited low toxicity. All results confirmed that the sonophotocatalytic process using α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> was a highly efficient process for DZN pollutant removal from liquid wastes. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-3acafac1b43b4901a30e865e0aa4c3042023-11-24T05:33:42ZengMDPI AGMagnetochemistry2312-74812022-10-0181113710.3390/magnetochemistry8110137Synthesis of a Doped α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Catalyst for High-Efficiency Degradation of Diazinon Contaminant from Liquid WastesTariq J. Al-Musawi0Rasoul Asgariyan1Murat Yilmaz2Nezamaddin Mengelizadeh3Abolfazl Asghari4Davoud Balarak5Mohammad Darvishmotevall6Building and Construction Techniques Engineering Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah 51001, Babylon, IraqDepartment of Environmental, Esfahan Steel Company, Esfahan 8477153111, IranDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, 80000 Osmaniye, TurkeyDepartment of Environmental Health Engineering, Evas Faculty of Health, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan 7433116475, IranStudent Research Committee, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 9816743463, IranDepartment of Environmental Health, Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 9816743463, IranResearch Center for Health, Safety and Environment (RCHSE), Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj 3149779453, IranIn this work, a hematite/porous graphite carbon-nitride (α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) catalyst was synthesized through the doping of hematite loaded onto porous graphite carbon-nitride using a heat treatment process. Then, the ability of catalyst was evaluated to degrade diazinon (DZN) for the first time, mainly via the sonophotocatalytic process. Among the samples, the greatest DZN degradation was observed in the sonophotocatalytic system, which separated 100% of DZN from the aqueous solution after 50 min, while the removal percentages for the sonocatalytic, photocatalytic, and adsorption systems were 72.9, 89.1, and 58.1%, respectively. The results of scavengers showed that both sulfate and hydroxyl radicals (<sup>•</sup>OH) participated in removing DZN, although positive holes and negative <sup>•</sup>OH played a major role. Moreover, the removal efficiencies of the target pollutant using the sonophotocatalytic process were higher than those using the photocatalytic, sonocatalytic, and adsorption processes. The reaction profile followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the reaction rate coefficient for the sonophotocatalytic system was 2.2 times higher than that of the photocatalytic system and 2.64 times higher than that of the sonocatalytic system. The energy consumption of the sonophotocatalytic system after 60 min was 11.6 kWh/m<sup>3</sup>, while it was 31.1 kWh/m<sup>3</sup> for the photocatalytic system. A DZN removal percentage of 100% was obtained after 50 min under the following conditions: UV intensity of 36 watts, ultrasound frequency of 36 kHz, DZN concentration of 50 mg/L at pH 5, and α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> dosage of 0.4 g/L. The catalyst reusability was examined with only a 9.9% reduction in efficiency after eight consecutive cycles. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic compound (TOC) removal percentages were 95.6% and 88.6%, respectively, and the five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD<sub>5</sub>)/COD ratio was 0.16 at the beginning of the degradation process and 0.69 at the end of the process. In addition, toxicological experiments showed that degradation of DZN by the sonophotocatalytic process exhibited low toxicity. All results confirmed that the sonophotocatalytic process using α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> was a highly efficient process for DZN pollutant removal from liquid wastes.https://www.mdpi.com/2312-7481/8/11/137diazinonsonophotocatalyticα-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>characterization analysisdegradation efficiency |
| spellingShingle | Tariq J. Al-Musawi Rasoul Asgariyan Murat Yilmaz Nezamaddin Mengelizadeh Abolfazl Asghari Davoud Balarak Mohammad Darvishmotevall Synthesis of a Doped α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Catalyst for High-Efficiency Degradation of Diazinon Contaminant from Liquid Wastes Magnetochemistry diazinon sonophotocatalytic α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> characterization analysis degradation efficiency |
| title | Synthesis of a Doped α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Catalyst for High-Efficiency Degradation of Diazinon Contaminant from Liquid Wastes |
| title_full | Synthesis of a Doped α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Catalyst for High-Efficiency Degradation of Diazinon Contaminant from Liquid Wastes |
| title_fullStr | Synthesis of a Doped α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Catalyst for High-Efficiency Degradation of Diazinon Contaminant from Liquid Wastes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Synthesis of a Doped α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Catalyst for High-Efficiency Degradation of Diazinon Contaminant from Liquid Wastes |
| title_short | Synthesis of a Doped α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Catalyst for High-Efficiency Degradation of Diazinon Contaminant from Liquid Wastes |
| title_sort | synthesis of a doped α fe sub 2 sub o sub 3 sub g c sub 3 sub n sub 4 sub catalyst for high efficiency degradation of diazinon contaminant from liquid wastes |
| topic | diazinon sonophotocatalytic α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> characterization analysis degradation efficiency |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2312-7481/8/11/137 |
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