A Study on the Flux of Total Suspended Matter in the Padma River in Bangladesh Based on Remote-Sensing Data
The flux of total suspended matter (TSM), <i>F</i><sub>TSM</sub>, output by several large rivers in Asia, has been in decline due to human activities. As the estuary of the Ganges–Brahmaputra River, the Padma River transports a significant amount of suspended matter (SM) to t...
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MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| author | Zhuoqi Zheng Difeng Wang Fang Gong Xianqiang He Yan Bai |
| author_facet | Zhuoqi Zheng Difeng Wang Fang Gong Xianqiang He Yan Bai |
| author_sort | Zhuoqi Zheng |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The flux of total suspended matter (TSM), <i>F</i><sub>TSM</sub>, output by several large rivers in Asia, has been in decline due to human activities. As the estuary of the Ganges–Brahmaputra River, the Padma River transports a significant amount of suspended matter (SM) to the Bay of Bengal each year. In this study, the TSM concentration (<i>C</i><sub>TSM</sub>) and <i>F</i><sub>TSM</sub> in the Padma River in the period 1991–2019 were calculated based on the data acquired by the Landsat series satellites and an empirical TSM algorithm model for large, high-turbidity rivers. The results showed that the maximum and minimum <i>F</i><sub>TSM</sub> values (318 ± 62 and 73 ± 29 mt, respectively) in the Padma River occurred in 2011 and 2015, respectively. On average, <i>F</i><sub>TSM</sub> in the Padma River decreased at an annual rate of 3.3 mt (<i>p</i> < 0.01). The impact of human activities on <i>C</i><sub>TSM</sub> contributed more significantly to the changes in <i>F</i><sub>TSM</sub> (<i>R</i> = 0.76) than natural factors (<i>R</i> = 0.44). Due to a lack of water conservancy facilities within the river basin, changes in the water and soil retention capacity due to the changes in vegetation coverage were an important human factor (<i>R</i> = −0.79). |
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| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:01:50Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
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| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-3ace5976df33464b84edf2d819eaf7e02023-11-22T11:24:50ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412021-08-011317237310.3390/w13172373A Study on the Flux of Total Suspended Matter in the Padma River in Bangladesh Based on Remote-Sensing DataZhuoqi Zheng0Difeng Wang1Fang Gong2Xianqiang He3Yan Bai4State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Hangzhou 310012, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Hangzhou 310012, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Hangzhou 310012, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Hangzhou 310012, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Hangzhou 310012, ChinaThe flux of total suspended matter (TSM), <i>F</i><sub>TSM</sub>, output by several large rivers in Asia, has been in decline due to human activities. As the estuary of the Ganges–Brahmaputra River, the Padma River transports a significant amount of suspended matter (SM) to the Bay of Bengal each year. In this study, the TSM concentration (<i>C</i><sub>TSM</sub>) and <i>F</i><sub>TSM</sub> in the Padma River in the period 1991–2019 were calculated based on the data acquired by the Landsat series satellites and an empirical TSM algorithm model for large, high-turbidity rivers. The results showed that the maximum and minimum <i>F</i><sub>TSM</sub> values (318 ± 62 and 73 ± 29 mt, respectively) in the Padma River occurred in 2011 and 2015, respectively. On average, <i>F</i><sub>TSM</sub> in the Padma River decreased at an annual rate of 3.3 mt (<i>p</i> < 0.01). The impact of human activities on <i>C</i><sub>TSM</sub> contributed more significantly to the changes in <i>F</i><sub>TSM</sub> (<i>R</i> = 0.76) than natural factors (<i>R</i> = 0.44). Due to a lack of water conservancy facilities within the river basin, changes in the water and soil retention capacity due to the changes in vegetation coverage were an important human factor (<i>R</i> = −0.79).https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/17/2373total suspended matterBay of BengalLandsatflux estimation |
| spellingShingle | Zhuoqi Zheng Difeng Wang Fang Gong Xianqiang He Yan Bai A Study on the Flux of Total Suspended Matter in the Padma River in Bangladesh Based on Remote-Sensing Data Water total suspended matter Bay of Bengal Landsat flux estimation |
| title | A Study on the Flux of Total Suspended Matter in the Padma River in Bangladesh Based on Remote-Sensing Data |
| title_full | A Study on the Flux of Total Suspended Matter in the Padma River in Bangladesh Based on Remote-Sensing Data |
| title_fullStr | A Study on the Flux of Total Suspended Matter in the Padma River in Bangladesh Based on Remote-Sensing Data |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Study on the Flux of Total Suspended Matter in the Padma River in Bangladesh Based on Remote-Sensing Data |
| title_short | A Study on the Flux of Total Suspended Matter in the Padma River in Bangladesh Based on Remote-Sensing Data |
| title_sort | study on the flux of total suspended matter in the padma river in bangladesh based on remote sensing data |
| topic | total suspended matter Bay of Bengal Landsat flux estimation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/17/2373 |
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