Wall Fabrication by Direct Energy Deposition (DED) Combining Mild Steel (ER70) and Stainless Steel (SS 316L): Microstructure and Mechanical Properties
Direct energy deposition is gaining much visibility in research as one of the most adaptable additive manufacturing technologies for industry due to its ease of application and high deposition rates. The possibility of combining these materials to obtain parts with variable mechanical properties is...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-08-01
|
| Series: | Materials |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/17/5828 |
| _version_ | 1797494641547804672 |
|---|---|
| author | Virginia Uralde Alfredo Suarez Eider Aldalur Fernando Veiga Tomas Ballesteros |
| author_facet | Virginia Uralde Alfredo Suarez Eider Aldalur Fernando Veiga Tomas Ballesteros |
| author_sort | Virginia Uralde |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Direct energy deposition is gaining much visibility in research as one of the most adaptable additive manufacturing technologies for industry due to its ease of application and high deposition rates. The possibility of combining these materials to obtain parts with variable mechanical properties is an important task to be studied. The combination of two types of steel, mild steel ER70-6 and stainless steel SS 316L, for the fabrication of a wall by direct energy deposition was studied for this paper. The separate fabrication of these two materials was studied for the microstructurally flawless fabrication of bimetallic walls. As a result of the application of superimposed and overlapped strategies, two walls were fabricated and the microstructure, mechanical properties and hardness of the resulting walls are analyzed. The walls obtained with both strategies present dissimilar regions; the hardness where the most present material is ER70-6 is around 380 HV, and for SS 316L, it is around 180 HV. The average values of ultimate tensile strength (UTS) are 869 and 628 MPa, yield strength (YS) are 584 and 389 MPa and elongation at break are 20% and 36%, respectively, in the cases where we have more ER70-6 in the sample than SS 316L. This indicates an important relationship between the distribution of the materials and their mechanical behavior. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:37:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3acf2d7970184fb18eba49e268cf6d22 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:37:16Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-3acf2d7970184fb18eba49e268cf6d222023-11-23T13:30:50ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442022-08-011517582810.3390/ma15175828Wall Fabrication by Direct Energy Deposition (DED) Combining Mild Steel (ER70) and Stainless Steel (SS 316L): Microstructure and Mechanical PropertiesVirginia Uralde0Alfredo Suarez1Eider Aldalur2Fernando Veiga3Tomas Ballesteros4Department of Engineering, Public University of Navarre, Los Pinos Building, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, SpainTECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, SpainTECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, SpainDepartment of Engineering, Public University of Navarre, Los Pinos Building, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, SpainDepartment of Engineering, Public University of Navarre, Los Pinos Building, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, SpainDirect energy deposition is gaining much visibility in research as one of the most adaptable additive manufacturing technologies for industry due to its ease of application and high deposition rates. The possibility of combining these materials to obtain parts with variable mechanical properties is an important task to be studied. The combination of two types of steel, mild steel ER70-6 and stainless steel SS 316L, for the fabrication of a wall by direct energy deposition was studied for this paper. The separate fabrication of these two materials was studied for the microstructurally flawless fabrication of bimetallic walls. As a result of the application of superimposed and overlapped strategies, two walls were fabricated and the microstructure, mechanical properties and hardness of the resulting walls are analyzed. The walls obtained with both strategies present dissimilar regions; the hardness where the most present material is ER70-6 is around 380 HV, and for SS 316L, it is around 180 HV. The average values of ultimate tensile strength (UTS) are 869 and 628 MPa, yield strength (YS) are 584 and 389 MPa and elongation at break are 20% and 36%, respectively, in the cases where we have more ER70-6 in the sample than SS 316L. This indicates an important relationship between the distribution of the materials and their mechanical behavior.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/17/5828wire arc additive manufacturingSS 316Lmild steelmicrostructureadditive manufacturing |
| spellingShingle | Virginia Uralde Alfredo Suarez Eider Aldalur Fernando Veiga Tomas Ballesteros Wall Fabrication by Direct Energy Deposition (DED) Combining Mild Steel (ER70) and Stainless Steel (SS 316L): Microstructure and Mechanical Properties Materials wire arc additive manufacturing SS 316L mild steel microstructure additive manufacturing |
| title | Wall Fabrication by Direct Energy Deposition (DED) Combining Mild Steel (ER70) and Stainless Steel (SS 316L): Microstructure and Mechanical Properties |
| title_full | Wall Fabrication by Direct Energy Deposition (DED) Combining Mild Steel (ER70) and Stainless Steel (SS 316L): Microstructure and Mechanical Properties |
| title_fullStr | Wall Fabrication by Direct Energy Deposition (DED) Combining Mild Steel (ER70) and Stainless Steel (SS 316L): Microstructure and Mechanical Properties |
| title_full_unstemmed | Wall Fabrication by Direct Energy Deposition (DED) Combining Mild Steel (ER70) and Stainless Steel (SS 316L): Microstructure and Mechanical Properties |
| title_short | Wall Fabrication by Direct Energy Deposition (DED) Combining Mild Steel (ER70) and Stainless Steel (SS 316L): Microstructure and Mechanical Properties |
| title_sort | wall fabrication by direct energy deposition ded combining mild steel er70 and stainless steel ss 316l microstructure and mechanical properties |
| topic | wire arc additive manufacturing SS 316L mild steel microstructure additive manufacturing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/17/5828 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT virginiauralde wallfabricationbydirectenergydepositiondedcombiningmildsteeler70andstainlesssteelss316lmicrostructureandmechanicalproperties AT alfredosuarez wallfabricationbydirectenergydepositiondedcombiningmildsteeler70andstainlesssteelss316lmicrostructureandmechanicalproperties AT eideraldalur wallfabricationbydirectenergydepositiondedcombiningmildsteeler70andstainlesssteelss316lmicrostructureandmechanicalproperties AT fernandoveiga wallfabricationbydirectenergydepositiondedcombiningmildsteeler70andstainlesssteelss316lmicrostructureandmechanicalproperties AT tomasballesteros wallfabricationbydirectenergydepositiondedcombiningmildsteeler70andstainlesssteelss316lmicrostructureandmechanicalproperties |