Effects of manganese and zinc on the growth process of Phytophthora nicotianae and the possible inhibitory mechanisms
Background Phytophthora nicotianae is a fungal soil-borne pathogen that damages various plant species. Mancozeb and Zineb, fungicides containing manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) as the main components, are widely used to control the diseases caused by Phytophthora. However, the inhibition mechanism is s...
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PeerJ Inc.
2020-02-01
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| Online Access: | https://peerj.com/articles/8613.pdf |
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| author | Yifang Luo Aimei Yao Mouyi Tan Zhenlun Li Ling Qing Shuiying Yang |
| author_facet | Yifang Luo Aimei Yao Mouyi Tan Zhenlun Li Ling Qing Shuiying Yang |
| author_sort | Yifang Luo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background Phytophthora nicotianae is a fungal soil-borne pathogen that damages various plant species. Mancozeb and Zineb, fungicides containing manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) as the main components, are widely used to control the diseases caused by Phytophthora. However, the inhibition mechanism is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Mn and Zn on P. nicotianae and to determine possible inhibitory mechanisms of Mn and Zn on sporangiogenesis of P. nicotianae. Methods The mycelial growth, sporangium generation, zoosporogenesis and zoospore germination of P. nicotianae were observed under Mn and Zn treatments. The gene (csn4 and csn7) expression levels of P. nicotianae in different growth stages were examined. Csn4 and csn7 gene expression, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were tested at the stage of sporangiogenesis under different Mn and Zn concentrations. Results Mycelial growth of P. nicotianae was significantly inhibited by Mn from ≥1 mg/L concentration and by Zn from ≥10 mg/L. The sporangia production, sporangia release, and zoospore germination of P. nicotianae were significantly reduced by Mn at all concentrations, while treatment with Zn from ≥0.5 mg/L concentration significantly inhibited the same processes. At the same concentration, the inhibition rate of Mn on the growth process of P. nicotianae was higher than that of Zn. The csn4 and csn7 gene transcription of P. nicotianae were significantly reduced by all treatments with Mn and Zn at the stage of sporangiogenesis. With the increase of Mn concentration, the activities of SOD and CAT increased to maxima and then decreased, and the content of MDA gradually increased during sporangiogenesis of P. nicotianae. The sporangia production of P. nicotianae was significantly positively correlated with the expression levels of the genes csn4 and csn7. Conclusion The inhibitory effect of Mn on the growth process of P. nicotianae was stronger than that of Zn, especially on sporangiogenesis and zoosporogenesis. A possible mechanism of the inhibitory effect on sporangiogenesis of P. nicotianae was that Mn and Zn acted by inhibiting the expression levels of the genes csn4 and csn7 and by affecting antioxidant enzyme activity (further resulting in lipid peroxidation) in the sporangium of P. nicotianae. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:23:40Z |
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| id | doaj.art-3ad6a95ed18c4260af9b36148e74334f |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:23:40Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-3ad6a95ed18c4260af9b36148e74334f2023-12-03T11:30:31ZengPeerJ Inc.PeerJ2167-83592020-02-018e861310.7717/peerj.8613Effects of manganese and zinc on the growth process of Phytophthora nicotianae and the possible inhibitory mechanismsYifang Luo0Aimei Yao1Mouyi Tan2Zhenlun Li3Ling Qing4Shuiying Yang5Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, ChinaChongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, ChinaChongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, ChinaChongqing Key Laboratory of Soil Multi-Scale Interfacial Process, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, ChinaChongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, ChinaChongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, ChinaBackground Phytophthora nicotianae is a fungal soil-borne pathogen that damages various plant species. Mancozeb and Zineb, fungicides containing manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) as the main components, are widely used to control the diseases caused by Phytophthora. However, the inhibition mechanism is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Mn and Zn on P. nicotianae and to determine possible inhibitory mechanisms of Mn and Zn on sporangiogenesis of P. nicotianae. Methods The mycelial growth, sporangium generation, zoosporogenesis and zoospore germination of P. nicotianae were observed under Mn and Zn treatments. The gene (csn4 and csn7) expression levels of P. nicotianae in different growth stages were examined. Csn4 and csn7 gene expression, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were tested at the stage of sporangiogenesis under different Mn and Zn concentrations. Results Mycelial growth of P. nicotianae was significantly inhibited by Mn from ≥1 mg/L concentration and by Zn from ≥10 mg/L. The sporangia production, sporangia release, and zoospore germination of P. nicotianae were significantly reduced by Mn at all concentrations, while treatment with Zn from ≥0.5 mg/L concentration significantly inhibited the same processes. At the same concentration, the inhibition rate of Mn on the growth process of P. nicotianae was higher than that of Zn. The csn4 and csn7 gene transcription of P. nicotianae were significantly reduced by all treatments with Mn and Zn at the stage of sporangiogenesis. With the increase of Mn concentration, the activities of SOD and CAT increased to maxima and then decreased, and the content of MDA gradually increased during sporangiogenesis of P. nicotianae. The sporangia production of P. nicotianae was significantly positively correlated with the expression levels of the genes csn4 and csn7. Conclusion The inhibitory effect of Mn on the growth process of P. nicotianae was stronger than that of Zn, especially on sporangiogenesis and zoosporogenesis. A possible mechanism of the inhibitory effect on sporangiogenesis of P. nicotianae was that Mn and Zn acted by inhibiting the expression levels of the genes csn4 and csn7 and by affecting antioxidant enzyme activity (further resulting in lipid peroxidation) in the sporangium of P. nicotianae.https://peerj.com/articles/8613.pdfPhytophthora nicotianaeManganeseZincGene expressionAntioxidant systemInhibitory mechanisms |
| spellingShingle | Yifang Luo Aimei Yao Mouyi Tan Zhenlun Li Ling Qing Shuiying Yang Effects of manganese and zinc on the growth process of Phytophthora nicotianae and the possible inhibitory mechanisms PeerJ Phytophthora nicotianae Manganese Zinc Gene expression Antioxidant system Inhibitory mechanisms |
| title | Effects of manganese and zinc on the growth process of Phytophthora nicotianae and the possible inhibitory mechanisms |
| title_full | Effects of manganese and zinc on the growth process of Phytophthora nicotianae and the possible inhibitory mechanisms |
| title_fullStr | Effects of manganese and zinc on the growth process of Phytophthora nicotianae and the possible inhibitory mechanisms |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of manganese and zinc on the growth process of Phytophthora nicotianae and the possible inhibitory mechanisms |
| title_short | Effects of manganese and zinc on the growth process of Phytophthora nicotianae and the possible inhibitory mechanisms |
| title_sort | effects of manganese and zinc on the growth process of phytophthora nicotianae and the possible inhibitory mechanisms |
| topic | Phytophthora nicotianae Manganese Zinc Gene expression Antioxidant system Inhibitory mechanisms |
| url | https://peerj.com/articles/8613.pdf |
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