Bifunctional Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/ZSM-5 Mesoporous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production via Esterification of Unsaturated Omega-9 Oleic Acid
In the present work, two sets of the Co/ZSM-5 mesoporous catalysts with different acidity and Co loadings varying from 1 to 5 and 10 wt% were prepared using mesoporous ZSM-5-A (Si/Al = 50) and ZSM-5-B (Si/Al = 150) as support. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the Co<sub>3</sub&g...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-08-01
|
| Series: | Catalysts |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/12/8/900 |
| _version_ | 1797410882683142144 |
|---|---|
| author | Francisco Núñez Lifang Chen Jin An Wang Sergio Ordin Flores José Salmones Ulises Arellano Luis Enrique Noreña Francisco Tzompantzi |
| author_facet | Francisco Núñez Lifang Chen Jin An Wang Sergio Ordin Flores José Salmones Ulises Arellano Luis Enrique Noreña Francisco Tzompantzi |
| author_sort | Francisco Núñez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In the present work, two sets of the Co/ZSM-5 mesoporous catalysts with different acidity and Co loadings varying from 1 to 5 and 10 wt% were prepared using mesoporous ZSM-5-A (Si/Al = 50) and ZSM-5-B (Si/Al = 150) as support. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> phase was formed in the surface of catalysts and the reducibility of Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles on the ZSM-5-B was greater in comparison with that on the ZSM-5-A solid. In situ FTIR of pyridine adsorption characterization confirmed that all of the Co/ZSM-5 catalysts contained both Lewis (L) and Brønsted (B) acid sites, with a relatively balanced B/L ratio ranging from 0.61 to 1.94. Therefore, the Si/Al molar ratio in ZSM-5 affected both the surface acidity and the cobalt oxide reducibility. In the esterification of unsaturated omega-9 oleic acid with methanol, under the optimal reaction conditions (temperature 160 °C, catalyst concentration 2 g/L, methanol/oleic acid molar ratio 30, and reaction time 180 min), the biodiesel selectivity reached 95.1% over the most active 10 wt% Co/ZSM-5-B catalyst. The higher esterification activity of the Co/ZSM-5-B catalysts can be correlated with the greater amount of B and L acid sites, the balanced B/L ratio, and the higher reducibility of Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles. The oleic acid esterification reaction followed the bifunctional mechanism of combining metal function (dispersed Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> with a greater reducibility) with the acidity function (both B and L acid sites with a relative balanced B/L ratio) on the catalysts, which may help in providing a deep understanding of the esterification pathways and benefiting the design of novel bifunctional catalysts for biofuel production. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:36:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3b117d91a52745e3ba698da7985094c1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4344 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:36:40Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Catalysts |
| spelling | doaj.art-3b117d91a52745e3ba698da7985094c12023-12-03T13:26:28ZengMDPI AGCatalysts2073-43442022-08-0112890010.3390/catal12080900Bifunctional Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/ZSM-5 Mesoporous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production via Esterification of Unsaturated Omega-9 Oleic AcidFrancisco Núñez0Lifang Chen1Jin An Wang2Sergio Ordin Flores3José Salmones4Ulises Arellano5Luis Enrique Noreña6Francisco Tzompantzi7Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Col. Zacatenco, Ciudad de México 07738, MexicoEscuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Col. Zacatenco, Ciudad de México 07738, MexicoEscuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Col. Zacatenco, Ciudad de México 07738, MexicoEscuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Col. Zacatenco, Ciudad de México 07738, MexicoEscuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Col. Zacatenco, Ciudad de México 07738, MexicoColegio de Ciencias y Humanidades, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México 09620, MexicoDepartamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, Av. San Pablo 180, Col. Reynosa Tamaulipas, Ciudad de México 02200, MexicoDepartamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Ciudad de México 09340, MexicoIn the present work, two sets of the Co/ZSM-5 mesoporous catalysts with different acidity and Co loadings varying from 1 to 5 and 10 wt% were prepared using mesoporous ZSM-5-A (Si/Al = 50) and ZSM-5-B (Si/Al = 150) as support. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> phase was formed in the surface of catalysts and the reducibility of Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles on the ZSM-5-B was greater in comparison with that on the ZSM-5-A solid. In situ FTIR of pyridine adsorption characterization confirmed that all of the Co/ZSM-5 catalysts contained both Lewis (L) and Brønsted (B) acid sites, with a relatively balanced B/L ratio ranging from 0.61 to 1.94. Therefore, the Si/Al molar ratio in ZSM-5 affected both the surface acidity and the cobalt oxide reducibility. In the esterification of unsaturated omega-9 oleic acid with methanol, under the optimal reaction conditions (temperature 160 °C, catalyst concentration 2 g/L, methanol/oleic acid molar ratio 30, and reaction time 180 min), the biodiesel selectivity reached 95.1% over the most active 10 wt% Co/ZSM-5-B catalyst. The higher esterification activity of the Co/ZSM-5-B catalysts can be correlated with the greater amount of B and L acid sites, the balanced B/L ratio, and the higher reducibility of Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles. The oleic acid esterification reaction followed the bifunctional mechanism of combining metal function (dispersed Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> with a greater reducibility) with the acidity function (both B and L acid sites with a relative balanced B/L ratio) on the catalysts, which may help in providing a deep understanding of the esterification pathways and benefiting the design of novel bifunctional catalysts for biofuel production.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/12/8/900esterificationoleic acidCo/ZSM-5bifunctional mechanismbiodiesel |
| spellingShingle | Francisco Núñez Lifang Chen Jin An Wang Sergio Ordin Flores José Salmones Ulises Arellano Luis Enrique Noreña Francisco Tzompantzi Bifunctional Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/ZSM-5 Mesoporous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production via Esterification of Unsaturated Omega-9 Oleic Acid Catalysts esterification oleic acid Co/ZSM-5 bifunctional mechanism biodiesel |
| title | Bifunctional Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/ZSM-5 Mesoporous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production via Esterification of Unsaturated Omega-9 Oleic Acid |
| title_full | Bifunctional Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/ZSM-5 Mesoporous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production via Esterification of Unsaturated Omega-9 Oleic Acid |
| title_fullStr | Bifunctional Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/ZSM-5 Mesoporous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production via Esterification of Unsaturated Omega-9 Oleic Acid |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bifunctional Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/ZSM-5 Mesoporous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production via Esterification of Unsaturated Omega-9 Oleic Acid |
| title_short | Bifunctional Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/ZSM-5 Mesoporous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production via Esterification of Unsaturated Omega-9 Oleic Acid |
| title_sort | bifunctional co sub 3 sub o sub 4 sub zsm 5 mesoporous catalysts for biodiesel production via esterification of unsaturated omega 9 oleic acid |
| topic | esterification oleic acid Co/ZSM-5 bifunctional mechanism biodiesel |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/12/8/900 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT francisconunez bifunctionalcosub3subosub4subzsm5mesoporouscatalystsforbiodieselproductionviaesterificationofunsaturatedomega9oleicacid AT lifangchen bifunctionalcosub3subosub4subzsm5mesoporouscatalystsforbiodieselproductionviaesterificationofunsaturatedomega9oleicacid AT jinanwang bifunctionalcosub3subosub4subzsm5mesoporouscatalystsforbiodieselproductionviaesterificationofunsaturatedomega9oleicacid AT sergioordinflores bifunctionalcosub3subosub4subzsm5mesoporouscatalystsforbiodieselproductionviaesterificationofunsaturatedomega9oleicacid AT josesalmones bifunctionalcosub3subosub4subzsm5mesoporouscatalystsforbiodieselproductionviaesterificationofunsaturatedomega9oleicacid AT ulisesarellano bifunctionalcosub3subosub4subzsm5mesoporouscatalystsforbiodieselproductionviaesterificationofunsaturatedomega9oleicacid AT luisenriquenorena bifunctionalcosub3subosub4subzsm5mesoporouscatalystsforbiodieselproductionviaesterificationofunsaturatedomega9oleicacid AT franciscotzompantzi bifunctionalcosub3subosub4subzsm5mesoporouscatalystsforbiodieselproductionviaesterificationofunsaturatedomega9oleicacid |