Highly Sensitive Bilirubin Biosensor Based on Photonic Crystal Fiber in Terahertz Region
An unstable bilirubin level in the human blood causes many dangerous health problems, such as jaundice, coronary artery disease, ulcerative colitis, and brain lesions. Therefore, the accurate and early detection of bilirubin concentrations in the blood is mandatory. In this work, a highly sensitive...
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Photonics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/10/1/68 |
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| author | Ahmed Refaat Elhelw Mahmoud Salman S. Ibrahim Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed Abd El-Naser A. Mohamed Mohamed Farhat O. Hameed Salah S. A. Obayya |
| author_facet | Ahmed Refaat Elhelw Mahmoud Salman S. Ibrahim Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed Abd El-Naser A. Mohamed Mohamed Farhat O. Hameed Salah S. A. Obayya |
| author_sort | Ahmed Refaat Elhelw |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | An unstable bilirubin level in the human blood causes many dangerous health problems, such as jaundice, coronary artery disease, ulcerative colitis, and brain lesions. Therefore, the accurate and early detection of bilirubin concentrations in the blood is mandatory. In this work, a highly sensitive biosensor based on photonic crystal fiber (PCF) for monitoring bilirubin levels is proposed and analyzed. The sensor parameters, including relative sensitivity, effective mode area, confinement loss, and effective material loss, are calculated. The geometrical parameters are studied, and a modal analysis of the suggested sensor is carried out using the full-vectorial finite element method (FEM). The fabrication tolerance of the geometrical parameters is also studied to ensure the fabrication feasibility of the reported design. High sensitivities of 95% and 98% are obtained for the x-polarized and y-polarized modes, respectively. Furthermore, a small material loss of 0.00193 cm<sup>−1</sup>, a small confinement loss of 2.03 × 10<sup>−14</sup> dB/cm, and a large effective mode area of 0.046 mm<sup>2</sup> are achieved for the y-polarized mode. It is believed that the presented sensor will be helpful in health care and in the early detection of bilirubin levels in the blood. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:26:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3b1f3f2a847d4ac7ae09784ee53648b9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-6732 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:26:24Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Photonics |
| spelling | doaj.art-3b1f3f2a847d4ac7ae09784ee53648b92023-12-01T00:02:12ZengMDPI AGPhotonics2304-67322023-01-011016810.3390/photonics10010068Highly Sensitive Bilirubin Biosensor Based on Photonic Crystal Fiber in Terahertz RegionAhmed Refaat Elhelw0Mahmoud Salman S. Ibrahim1Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed2Abd El-Naser A. Mohamed3Mohamed Farhat O. Hameed4Salah S. A. Obayya5Department of Communication and Electronic Engineering, Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology in Arish, Arish 45511, EgyptPhysics Department, Faculty of Science, Arish University, Arish 45511, EgyptElectronics and Electrical Communications Engineering Department, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menouf 32951, EgyptDepartment of Communication and Electronic Engineering, Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology in Arish, Arish 45511, EgyptCentre for Photonics and Smart Materials, Zewail City of Science, Technology, and Innovation, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza 12578, EgyptCentre for Photonics and Smart Materials, Zewail City of Science, Technology, and Innovation, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza 12578, EgyptAn unstable bilirubin level in the human blood causes many dangerous health problems, such as jaundice, coronary artery disease, ulcerative colitis, and brain lesions. Therefore, the accurate and early detection of bilirubin concentrations in the blood is mandatory. In this work, a highly sensitive biosensor based on photonic crystal fiber (PCF) for monitoring bilirubin levels is proposed and analyzed. The sensor parameters, including relative sensitivity, effective mode area, confinement loss, and effective material loss, are calculated. The geometrical parameters are studied, and a modal analysis of the suggested sensor is carried out using the full-vectorial finite element method (FEM). The fabrication tolerance of the geometrical parameters is also studied to ensure the fabrication feasibility of the reported design. High sensitivities of 95% and 98% are obtained for the x-polarized and y-polarized modes, respectively. Furthermore, a small material loss of 0.00193 cm<sup>−1</sup>, a small confinement loss of 2.03 × 10<sup>−14</sup> dB/cm, and a large effective mode area of 0.046 mm<sup>2</sup> are achieved for the y-polarized mode. It is believed that the presented sensor will be helpful in health care and in the early detection of bilirubin levels in the blood.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/10/1/68terahertz sensorbilirubin levels in the bloodphotonic crystal fiberbiosensor |
| spellingShingle | Ahmed Refaat Elhelw Mahmoud Salman S. Ibrahim Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed Abd El-Naser A. Mohamed Mohamed Farhat O. Hameed Salah S. A. Obayya Highly Sensitive Bilirubin Biosensor Based on Photonic Crystal Fiber in Terahertz Region Photonics terahertz sensor bilirubin levels in the blood photonic crystal fiber biosensor |
| title | Highly Sensitive Bilirubin Biosensor Based on Photonic Crystal Fiber in Terahertz Region |
| title_full | Highly Sensitive Bilirubin Biosensor Based on Photonic Crystal Fiber in Terahertz Region |
| title_fullStr | Highly Sensitive Bilirubin Biosensor Based on Photonic Crystal Fiber in Terahertz Region |
| title_full_unstemmed | Highly Sensitive Bilirubin Biosensor Based on Photonic Crystal Fiber in Terahertz Region |
| title_short | Highly Sensitive Bilirubin Biosensor Based on Photonic Crystal Fiber in Terahertz Region |
| title_sort | highly sensitive bilirubin biosensor based on photonic crystal fiber in terahertz region |
| topic | terahertz sensor bilirubin levels in the blood photonic crystal fiber biosensor |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/10/1/68 |
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