Species Richness of Papilionidae Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) in the Hengduan Mountains and Its Future Shifts under Climate Change
The family of Papilionidae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) is a group of butterflies with high ecological and conservation value. The Hengduan Mountains (HMDs) in Southwest China is an important diversity centre for these butterflies. However, the spatial distribution pattern and the climate vulnerabil...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Insects |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/14/3/259 |
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| author | Xin-Tong Yu Fei-Ling Yang Wa Da Yu-Chun Li Hong-Mei Xi Adam M. Cotton Hui-Hong Zhang Kuang Duan Zhen-Bang Xu Zhi-Xian Gong Wen-Ling Wang Shao-Ji Hu |
| author_facet | Xin-Tong Yu Fei-Ling Yang Wa Da Yu-Chun Li Hong-Mei Xi Adam M. Cotton Hui-Hong Zhang Kuang Duan Zhen-Bang Xu Zhi-Xian Gong Wen-Ling Wang Shao-Ji Hu |
| author_sort | Xin-Tong Yu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The family of Papilionidae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) is a group of butterflies with high ecological and conservation value. The Hengduan Mountains (HMDs) in Southwest China is an important diversity centre for these butterflies. However, the spatial distribution pattern and the climate vulnerability of Papilionidae butterflies in the HDMs remain unknown to date. The lack of such knowledge has already become an obstacle in formulating effective butterfly conservation strategies. The present research compiled a 59-species dataset with 1938 occurrence points. The Maxent model was applied to analyse the spatial pattern of species richness in subfamilies Parnassiinae and Papilioninae, as well as to predict the response under the influence of climate change. The spatial pattern of both subfamilies in the HDMs has obvious elevation prevalence, with Parnassiinae concentrated in the subalpine to alpine areas (2500–5500 m) in western Sichuan, northwestern Yunnan and eastern Tibet, while Papilioninae is concentrated in the low- to medium-elevation areas (1500–3500 m) in the river valleys of western Yunnan and western Sichuan. Under the influence of climate change, both subfamilies would exhibit northward and upward range shifts. The majority of Parnassiinae species would experience drastic habitat contraction, resulting in lower species richness across the HDMs. In contrast, most Papilioninae species would experience habitat expansion, and the species richness would also increase significantly. The findings of this research should provide new insights and a clue for butterfly diversity and climatic vulnerability in southwestern China. Future conservation efforts should be focused on species with habitat contraction, narrow-ranged distribution and endemicity with both in situ and ex situ measures, especially in protected areas. Commercialised collecting targeting these species must also be regulated by future legislation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:22:53Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3b280968460249d296bacd9a01989c0e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4450 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:22:53Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Insects |
| spelling | doaj.art-3b280968460249d296bacd9a01989c0e2023-11-17T11:46:07ZengMDPI AGInsects2075-44502023-03-0114325910.3390/insects14030259Species Richness of Papilionidae Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) in the Hengduan Mountains and Its Future Shifts under Climate ChangeXin-Tong Yu0Fei-Ling Yang1Wa Da2Yu-Chun Li3Hong-Mei Xi4Adam M. Cotton5Hui-Hong Zhang6Kuang Duan7Zhen-Bang Xu8Zhi-Xian Gong9Wen-Ling Wang10Shao-Ji Hu11Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, ChinaInstitute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, ChinaTibet Plateau Institute of Biology, Lhasa 850008, ChinaYulong Xueshan Provincial Nature Reserve, Yulong, Lijiang 674100, ChinaYulong Xueshan Provincial Nature Reserve, Yulong, Lijiang 674100, China86/2 Moo 5, Tambon Nong Kwai, Hang Dong, Chiang Mai 50230, ThailandSchool of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, ChinaSchool of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, ChinaSchool of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, ChinaYulong Xueshan Provincial Nature Reserve, Yulong, Lijiang 674100, ChinaInstitute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, ChinaInstitute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, ChinaThe family of Papilionidae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) is a group of butterflies with high ecological and conservation value. The Hengduan Mountains (HMDs) in Southwest China is an important diversity centre for these butterflies. However, the spatial distribution pattern and the climate vulnerability of Papilionidae butterflies in the HDMs remain unknown to date. The lack of such knowledge has already become an obstacle in formulating effective butterfly conservation strategies. The present research compiled a 59-species dataset with 1938 occurrence points. The Maxent model was applied to analyse the spatial pattern of species richness in subfamilies Parnassiinae and Papilioninae, as well as to predict the response under the influence of climate change. The spatial pattern of both subfamilies in the HDMs has obvious elevation prevalence, with Parnassiinae concentrated in the subalpine to alpine areas (2500–5500 m) in western Sichuan, northwestern Yunnan and eastern Tibet, while Papilioninae is concentrated in the low- to medium-elevation areas (1500–3500 m) in the river valleys of western Yunnan and western Sichuan. Under the influence of climate change, both subfamilies would exhibit northward and upward range shifts. The majority of Parnassiinae species would experience drastic habitat contraction, resulting in lower species richness across the HDMs. In contrast, most Papilioninae species would experience habitat expansion, and the species richness would also increase significantly. The findings of this research should provide new insights and a clue for butterfly diversity and climatic vulnerability in southwestern China. Future conservation efforts should be focused on species with habitat contraction, narrow-ranged distribution and endemicity with both in situ and ex situ measures, especially in protected areas. Commercialised collecting targeting these species must also be regulated by future legislation.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/14/3/259PapilioninaeParnassiinaespecies distribution modelsuitabilityconservation |
| spellingShingle | Xin-Tong Yu Fei-Ling Yang Wa Da Yu-Chun Li Hong-Mei Xi Adam M. Cotton Hui-Hong Zhang Kuang Duan Zhen-Bang Xu Zhi-Xian Gong Wen-Ling Wang Shao-Ji Hu Species Richness of Papilionidae Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) in the Hengduan Mountains and Its Future Shifts under Climate Change Insects Papilioninae Parnassiinae species distribution model suitability conservation |
| title | Species Richness of Papilionidae Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) in the Hengduan Mountains and Its Future Shifts under Climate Change |
| title_full | Species Richness of Papilionidae Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) in the Hengduan Mountains and Its Future Shifts under Climate Change |
| title_fullStr | Species Richness of Papilionidae Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) in the Hengduan Mountains and Its Future Shifts under Climate Change |
| title_full_unstemmed | Species Richness of Papilionidae Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) in the Hengduan Mountains and Its Future Shifts under Climate Change |
| title_short | Species Richness of Papilionidae Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) in the Hengduan Mountains and Its Future Shifts under Climate Change |
| title_sort | species richness of papilionidae butterflies lepidoptera papilionoidea in the hengduan mountains and its future shifts under climate change |
| topic | Papilioninae Parnassiinae species distribution model suitability conservation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/14/3/259 |
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