Modulation of Organogenesis and Somatic Embryogenesis by Ethylene: An Overview
Ethylene is a plant hormone controlling physiological and developmental processes such as fruit maturation, hairy root formation, and leaf abscission. Its effect on regeneration systems, such as organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis (SE), has been studied, and progress in molecular biology techniq...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-06-01
|
| Series: | Plants |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/6/1208 |
| _version_ | 1797530174092214272 |
|---|---|
| author | Mariana Neves Sandra Correia Carlos Cavaleiro Jorge Canhoto |
| author_facet | Mariana Neves Sandra Correia Carlos Cavaleiro Jorge Canhoto |
| author_sort | Mariana Neves |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ethylene is a plant hormone controlling physiological and developmental processes such as fruit maturation, hairy root formation, and leaf abscission. Its effect on regeneration systems, such as organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis (SE), has been studied, and progress in molecular biology techniques have contributed to unveiling the mechanisms behind its effects. The influence of ethylene on regeneration should not be overlooked. This compound affects regeneration differently, depending on the species, genotype, and explant. In some species, ethylene seems to revert recalcitrance in genotypes with low regeneration capacity. However, its effect is not additive, since in genotypes with high regeneration capacity this ability decreases in the presence of ethylene precursors, suggesting that regeneration is modulated by ethylene. Several lines of evidence have shown that the role of ethylene in regeneration is markedly connected to biotic and abiotic stresses as well as to hormonal-crosstalk, in particular with key regeneration hormones and growth regulators of the auxin and cytokinin families. Transcriptional factors of the ethylene response factor (ERF) family are regulated by ethylene and strongly connected to SE induction. Thus, an evident connection between ethylene, stress responses, and regeneration capacity is markedly established. In this review the effect of ethylene and the way it interacts with other players during organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis is discussed. Further studies on the regulation of ERF gene expression induced by ethylene during regeneration can contribute to new insights on the exact role of ethylene in these processes. A possible role in epigenetic modifications should be considered, since some ethylene signaling components are directly related to histone acetylation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:25:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3b4e4cb67f044416a52363d3abceae9d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:25:14Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-3b4e4cb67f044416a52363d3abceae9d2023-11-22T00:04:49ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472021-06-01106120810.3390/plants10061208Modulation of Organogenesis and Somatic Embryogenesis by Ethylene: An OverviewMariana Neves0Sandra Correia1Carlos Cavaleiro2Jorge Canhoto3Center for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, PortugalCenter for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, PortugalCIEPQPF, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, PortugalCenter for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, PortugalEthylene is a plant hormone controlling physiological and developmental processes such as fruit maturation, hairy root formation, and leaf abscission. Its effect on regeneration systems, such as organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis (SE), has been studied, and progress in molecular biology techniques have contributed to unveiling the mechanisms behind its effects. The influence of ethylene on regeneration should not be overlooked. This compound affects regeneration differently, depending on the species, genotype, and explant. In some species, ethylene seems to revert recalcitrance in genotypes with low regeneration capacity. However, its effect is not additive, since in genotypes with high regeneration capacity this ability decreases in the presence of ethylene precursors, suggesting that regeneration is modulated by ethylene. Several lines of evidence have shown that the role of ethylene in regeneration is markedly connected to biotic and abiotic stresses as well as to hormonal-crosstalk, in particular with key regeneration hormones and growth regulators of the auxin and cytokinin families. Transcriptional factors of the ethylene response factor (ERF) family are regulated by ethylene and strongly connected to SE induction. Thus, an evident connection between ethylene, stress responses, and regeneration capacity is markedly established. In this review the effect of ethylene and the way it interacts with other players during organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis is discussed. Further studies on the regulation of ERF gene expression induced by ethylene during regeneration can contribute to new insights on the exact role of ethylene in these processes. A possible role in epigenetic modifications should be considered, since some ethylene signaling components are directly related to histone acetylation.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/6/1208ethylene biosynthesisethylene inhibitorsin vitro cultureplant hormonesS-adenosylmethioninestress responses |
| spellingShingle | Mariana Neves Sandra Correia Carlos Cavaleiro Jorge Canhoto Modulation of Organogenesis and Somatic Embryogenesis by Ethylene: An Overview Plants ethylene biosynthesis ethylene inhibitors in vitro culture plant hormones S-adenosylmethionine stress responses |
| title | Modulation of Organogenesis and Somatic Embryogenesis by Ethylene: An Overview |
| title_full | Modulation of Organogenesis and Somatic Embryogenesis by Ethylene: An Overview |
| title_fullStr | Modulation of Organogenesis and Somatic Embryogenesis by Ethylene: An Overview |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modulation of Organogenesis and Somatic Embryogenesis by Ethylene: An Overview |
| title_short | Modulation of Organogenesis and Somatic Embryogenesis by Ethylene: An Overview |
| title_sort | modulation of organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis by ethylene an overview |
| topic | ethylene biosynthesis ethylene inhibitors in vitro culture plant hormones S-adenosylmethionine stress responses |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/6/1208 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mariananeves modulationoforganogenesisandsomaticembryogenesisbyethyleneanoverview AT sandracorreia modulationoforganogenesisandsomaticembryogenesisbyethyleneanoverview AT carloscavaleiro modulationoforganogenesisandsomaticembryogenesisbyethyleneanoverview AT jorgecanhoto modulationoforganogenesisandsomaticembryogenesisbyethyleneanoverview |