Diverse Galactooligosaccharides Differentially Reduce LPS-Induced Inflammation in Macrophages
The effects of natural and synthetic galactooligosaccharides (GOS) on inflammation were explored by investigating the structure-activity relationship between the degree of GOS polymerization and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, together with the potential underlying mechanism of their anti-infla...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/24/3973 |
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| author | Congcong Sun Bifang Hao Daorui Pang Qian Li Erna Li Qiong Yang Yuxiao Zou Sentai Liao Fan Liu |
| author_facet | Congcong Sun Bifang Hao Daorui Pang Qian Li Erna Li Qiong Yang Yuxiao Zou Sentai Liao Fan Liu |
| author_sort | Congcong Sun |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The effects of natural and synthetic galactooligosaccharides (GOS) on inflammation were explored by investigating the structure-activity relationship between the degree of GOS polymerization and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, together with the potential underlying mechanism of their anti-inflammatory effects. The results demonstrated that GOS had strong anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages, including the inhibition of nitric oxide production and the reduced expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor α), induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and proteins related to the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway. GOS4, which has the highest degree of polymerization, exerted the strongest anti-inflammatory activity among the GOS examined. More importantly, our findings confirmed the anti-inflammatory effects of GOS on RAW264.7 macrophages via the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Our experimental results could provide further support for the exploration of GOS in human nutrition and health. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:41:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3b50f70ca2b14be59ed01ba01b2f28c5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:41:52Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-3b50f70ca2b14be59ed01ba01b2f28c52023-11-24T14:50:11ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582022-12-011124397310.3390/foods11243973Diverse Galactooligosaccharides Differentially Reduce LPS-Induced Inflammation in MacrophagesCongcong Sun0Bifang Hao1Daorui Pang2Qian Li3Erna Li4Qiong Yang5Yuxiao Zou6Sentai Liao7Fan Liu8Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510600, ChinaSchool of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, ChinaSericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510600, ChinaSericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510600, ChinaSericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510600, ChinaSericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510600, ChinaSericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510600, ChinaSericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510600, ChinaSericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510600, ChinaThe effects of natural and synthetic galactooligosaccharides (GOS) on inflammation were explored by investigating the structure-activity relationship between the degree of GOS polymerization and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, together with the potential underlying mechanism of their anti-inflammatory effects. The results demonstrated that GOS had strong anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages, including the inhibition of nitric oxide production and the reduced expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor α), induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and proteins related to the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway. GOS4, which has the highest degree of polymerization, exerted the strongest anti-inflammatory activity among the GOS examined. More importantly, our findings confirmed the anti-inflammatory effects of GOS on RAW264.7 macrophages via the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Our experimental results could provide further support for the exploration of GOS in human nutrition and health.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/24/3973galactooligosaccharideRAW264.7 cellslipopolysaccharide (LPS)anti-inflammatory activityTLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway |
| spellingShingle | Congcong Sun Bifang Hao Daorui Pang Qian Li Erna Li Qiong Yang Yuxiao Zou Sentai Liao Fan Liu Diverse Galactooligosaccharides Differentially Reduce LPS-Induced Inflammation in Macrophages Foods galactooligosaccharide RAW264.7 cells lipopolysaccharide (LPS) anti-inflammatory activity TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway |
| title | Diverse Galactooligosaccharides Differentially Reduce LPS-Induced Inflammation in Macrophages |
| title_full | Diverse Galactooligosaccharides Differentially Reduce LPS-Induced Inflammation in Macrophages |
| title_fullStr | Diverse Galactooligosaccharides Differentially Reduce LPS-Induced Inflammation in Macrophages |
| title_full_unstemmed | Diverse Galactooligosaccharides Differentially Reduce LPS-Induced Inflammation in Macrophages |
| title_short | Diverse Galactooligosaccharides Differentially Reduce LPS-Induced Inflammation in Macrophages |
| title_sort | diverse galactooligosaccharides differentially reduce lps induced inflammation in macrophages |
| topic | galactooligosaccharide RAW264.7 cells lipopolysaccharide (LPS) anti-inflammatory activity TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/24/3973 |
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