Stature and mitigation systems affect the risk of leg injury in vehicles attacked under the body by explosive devices
A finite-element (FE) model, previously validated for underbody blast (UBB) loading, was used here to study the effect of stature and of mitigation systems on injury risk to the leg. A range of potential UBB loadings was simulated. The risk of injury to the leg was calculated when no protection was...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2023.918013/full |
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| author | Eduardo A Rebelo Grigoris Grigoriadis Diagarajen Carpanen Anthony M. J. Bull Spyros Masouros |
| author_facet | Eduardo A Rebelo Grigoris Grigoriadis Diagarajen Carpanen Anthony M. J. Bull Spyros Masouros |
| author_sort | Eduardo A Rebelo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A finite-element (FE) model, previously validated for underbody blast (UBB) loading, was used here to study the effect of stature and of mitigation systems on injury risk to the leg. A range of potential UBB loadings was simulated. The risk of injury to the leg was calculated when no protection was present, when a combat boot (Meindl Desert Fox) was worn, and when a floor mat (IMPAXXTM), which can be laid on the floor of a vehicle, was added. The risk of injury calculated indicates that the floor mat provided a statistically significant reduction in the risk of a major calcaneal injury for peak impact speeds below 17.5 m/s when compared with the scenarios in which the floor mat was not present. The risk of injury to the leg was also calculated for a shorter and a taller stature compared to that of the nominal, 50th percentile male anthropometry; shorter and taller statures were constructed by scaling the length of the tibia of the nominal stature. The results showed that there is a higher risk of leg injury associated with the short stature compared to the nominal and tall statures, whereas the leg-injury risk between nominal and tall statures was statistically similar. These findings provide evidence that the combat boot and the floor mat tested here have an attenuating effect, albeit limited to a range of possible UBB loads. The effect of stature on injury has implications on how vehicle design caters for all potential anthropometries and indeed gender, as women, on average, are shorter than men. The results from the computational simulations here complement laboratory and field experimental models of UBB, and so they contribute to the improvement of UBB safety technology and strategy. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-10T17:44:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3b5d52c594c6443a82af555350fc1ccf |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-4185 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-10T17:44:03Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology |
| spelling | doaj.art-3b5d52c594c6443a82af555350fc1ccf2023-02-03T05:39:43ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology2296-41852023-02-011110.3389/fbioe.2023.918013918013Stature and mitigation systems affect the risk of leg injury in vehicles attacked under the body by explosive devicesEduardo A RebeloGrigoris GrigoriadisDiagarajen CarpanenAnthony M. J. BullSpyros MasourosA finite-element (FE) model, previously validated for underbody blast (UBB) loading, was used here to study the effect of stature and of mitigation systems on injury risk to the leg. A range of potential UBB loadings was simulated. The risk of injury to the leg was calculated when no protection was present, when a combat boot (Meindl Desert Fox) was worn, and when a floor mat (IMPAXXTM), which can be laid on the floor of a vehicle, was added. The risk of injury calculated indicates that the floor mat provided a statistically significant reduction in the risk of a major calcaneal injury for peak impact speeds below 17.5 m/s when compared with the scenarios in which the floor mat was not present. The risk of injury to the leg was also calculated for a shorter and a taller stature compared to that of the nominal, 50th percentile male anthropometry; shorter and taller statures were constructed by scaling the length of the tibia of the nominal stature. The results showed that there is a higher risk of leg injury associated with the short stature compared to the nominal and tall statures, whereas the leg-injury risk between nominal and tall statures was statistically similar. These findings provide evidence that the combat boot and the floor mat tested here have an attenuating effect, albeit limited to a range of possible UBB loads. The effect of stature on injury has implications on how vehicle design caters for all potential anthropometries and indeed gender, as women, on average, are shorter than men. The results from the computational simulations here complement laboratory and field experimental models of UBB, and so they contribute to the improvement of UBB safety technology and strategy.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2023.918013/fullblast injuryanthropometrycombat bootsfinite element modelingfoot and anklehigh loading rate |
| spellingShingle | Eduardo A Rebelo Grigoris Grigoriadis Diagarajen Carpanen Anthony M. J. Bull Spyros Masouros Stature and mitigation systems affect the risk of leg injury in vehicles attacked under the body by explosive devices Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology blast injury anthropometry combat boots finite element modeling foot and ankle high loading rate |
| title | Stature and mitigation systems affect the risk of leg injury in vehicles attacked under the body by explosive devices |
| title_full | Stature and mitigation systems affect the risk of leg injury in vehicles attacked under the body by explosive devices |
| title_fullStr | Stature and mitigation systems affect the risk of leg injury in vehicles attacked under the body by explosive devices |
| title_full_unstemmed | Stature and mitigation systems affect the risk of leg injury in vehicles attacked under the body by explosive devices |
| title_short | Stature and mitigation systems affect the risk of leg injury in vehicles attacked under the body by explosive devices |
| title_sort | stature and mitigation systems affect the risk of leg injury in vehicles attacked under the body by explosive devices |
| topic | blast injury anthropometry combat boots finite element modeling foot and ankle high loading rate |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2023.918013/full |
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