Assessment of emerging endocrine-disrupting compounds, namely estrone, 17-beta-estradiol, estriol, and 17-alpha-ethinyl estradiol, in the drinking water piping network of Tehran
In recent decades, micro-pollutants like estrogen hormones have been considered due to adverse health effects on humans and the environment despite very low concentrations of 0.1–20 ng/L. In the present study, drinking water was sampled from the six areas of Tehran in summer (August 2020), autumn (N...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IWA Publishing
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Water Supply |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://ws.iwaponline.com/content/23/10/4015 |
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| author | Noushin Rastkari Reza Ahmadkhaniha Masoumeh Beikmohammadi Seyedeh Somayeh Yousefi |
| author_facet | Noushin Rastkari Reza Ahmadkhaniha Masoumeh Beikmohammadi Seyedeh Somayeh Yousefi |
| author_sort | Noushin Rastkari |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In recent decades, micro-pollutants like estrogen hormones have been considered due to adverse health effects on humans and the environment despite very low concentrations of 0.1–20 ng/L. In the present study, drinking water was sampled from the six areas of Tehran in summer (August 2020), autumn (November 2020), winter (February 2021), and spring (May 2021) to evaluate natural and synthetic estrogen hormones (estrone (E1), 17-beta-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and 17-alpha-ethinyl estradiol (EE2)). The samples were transferred to the laboratory and the solid-phase extraction (SPE) method was used to extract the hormones, and the type and amount of hormones were examined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. According to the results, the highest concentrations were related to E1 and E2 compounds at 1.96 and 2.13 ng/L, respectively, in summer and autumn (device detection limit = 0.5 ng/L). In addition, concentrations of compounds E1 and E2 were lower than the detection limit in spring and winter in all samples, and compounds E3 and EE2 were not identified in any samples or seasons. Commonly, the concentration of steroid hormones increased in the dry seasons (summer and autumn), while in the spring and winter concentrations were less than the device detection limit because of rainfall.
HIGHLIGHTS
Endocrine-disrupting hormones were evaluated in the drinking water of Tehran city;
E1 and E2 were detected only in summer and autumn.;
E1 and E2 were not detected in spring and winter.;
E3 and EE2 were not detected in any region or any season.; |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T11:14:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3b5eed63dfcb496b8e26aa2946c80098 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1606-9749 1607-0798 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T11:14:16Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | IWA Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water Supply |
| spelling | doaj.art-3b5eed63dfcb496b8e26aa2946c800982023-11-11T07:19:42ZengIWA PublishingWater Supply1606-97491607-07982023-10-0123104015403010.2166/ws.2023.239239Assessment of emerging endocrine-disrupting compounds, namely estrone, 17-beta-estradiol, estriol, and 17-alpha-ethinyl estradiol, in the drinking water piping network of TehranNoushin Rastkari0Reza Ahmadkhaniha1Masoumeh Beikmohammadi2Seyedeh Somayeh Yousefi3 Center for Air Pollution Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Human Ecology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran In recent decades, micro-pollutants like estrogen hormones have been considered due to adverse health effects on humans and the environment despite very low concentrations of 0.1–20 ng/L. In the present study, drinking water was sampled from the six areas of Tehran in summer (August 2020), autumn (November 2020), winter (February 2021), and spring (May 2021) to evaluate natural and synthetic estrogen hormones (estrone (E1), 17-beta-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and 17-alpha-ethinyl estradiol (EE2)). The samples were transferred to the laboratory and the solid-phase extraction (SPE) method was used to extract the hormones, and the type and amount of hormones were examined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. According to the results, the highest concentrations were related to E1 and E2 compounds at 1.96 and 2.13 ng/L, respectively, in summer and autumn (device detection limit = 0.5 ng/L). In addition, concentrations of compounds E1 and E2 were lower than the detection limit in spring and winter in all samples, and compounds E3 and EE2 were not identified in any samples or seasons. Commonly, the concentration of steroid hormones increased in the dry seasons (summer and autumn), while in the spring and winter concentrations were less than the device detection limit because of rainfall. HIGHLIGHTS Endocrine-disrupting hormones were evaluated in the drinking water of Tehran city; E1 and E2 were detected only in summer and autumn.; E1 and E2 were not detected in spring and winter.; E3 and EE2 were not detected in any region or any season.;http://ws.iwaponline.com/content/23/10/4015drinking watergas chromatography–mass spectrometrysolid-phase extractionsteroid hormones |
| spellingShingle | Noushin Rastkari Reza Ahmadkhaniha Masoumeh Beikmohammadi Seyedeh Somayeh Yousefi Assessment of emerging endocrine-disrupting compounds, namely estrone, 17-beta-estradiol, estriol, and 17-alpha-ethinyl estradiol, in the drinking water piping network of Tehran Water Supply drinking water gas chromatography–mass spectrometry solid-phase extraction steroid hormones |
| title | Assessment of emerging endocrine-disrupting compounds, namely estrone, 17-beta-estradiol, estriol, and 17-alpha-ethinyl estradiol, in the drinking water piping network of Tehran |
| title_full | Assessment of emerging endocrine-disrupting compounds, namely estrone, 17-beta-estradiol, estriol, and 17-alpha-ethinyl estradiol, in the drinking water piping network of Tehran |
| title_fullStr | Assessment of emerging endocrine-disrupting compounds, namely estrone, 17-beta-estradiol, estriol, and 17-alpha-ethinyl estradiol, in the drinking water piping network of Tehran |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessment of emerging endocrine-disrupting compounds, namely estrone, 17-beta-estradiol, estriol, and 17-alpha-ethinyl estradiol, in the drinking water piping network of Tehran |
| title_short | Assessment of emerging endocrine-disrupting compounds, namely estrone, 17-beta-estradiol, estriol, and 17-alpha-ethinyl estradiol, in the drinking water piping network of Tehran |
| title_sort | assessment of emerging endocrine disrupting compounds namely estrone 17 beta estradiol estriol and 17 alpha ethinyl estradiol in the drinking water piping network of tehran |
| topic | drinking water gas chromatography–mass spectrometry solid-phase extraction steroid hormones |
| url | http://ws.iwaponline.com/content/23/10/4015 |
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