Development of effective connectivity during own- and other-race face processing: A Granger causality analysis
Numerous developmental studies have suggested that other-race effect (ORE) in face recognition emerges as early as in infancy and develops steadily throughout childhood. However, there is very limited research on the neural mechanisms underlying this developmental ORE. The present study used Granger...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2016-09-01
|
| Series: | Frontiers in Human Neuroscience |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00474/full |
| _version_ | 1818243960054743040 |
|---|---|
| author | Guifei Zhou Jiangang Liu Xiao Pan Ding Xiao Pan Ding Genyue Fu Kang Lee Kang Lee |
| author_facet | Guifei Zhou Jiangang Liu Xiao Pan Ding Xiao Pan Ding Genyue Fu Kang Lee Kang Lee |
| author_sort | Guifei Zhou |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Numerous developmental studies have suggested that other-race effect (ORE) in face recognition emerges as early as in infancy and develops steadily throughout childhood. However, there is very limited research on the neural mechanisms underlying this developmental ORE. The present study used Granger causality analysis (GCA) to examine the development of children’s cortical networks in processing own- and other-race faces. Children were between 3 to 13 years. An old-new paradigm was used to assess their own- and other-race face recognition with ETG-4000 (Hitachi Medical Co., Japan) acquiring functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data. After preprocessing, for each participant and under each face condition, we obtained the causal map by calculating the weights of causal relations between the time courses of oxy-Hb of each pair of channels using GCA. To investigate further the differential causal connectivity for own-race faces and other-race faces at the group level, a repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the GCA weights for each pair of channels with the face race task (own-race face vs. other-race face) as the within-subject variable and the age as a between-subject factor (continuous variable). We found an age-related increase in functional connectivity, paralleling a similar age-related improvement in behavioral face processing ability. More importantly, we found that the significant differences in neural functional connectivity between the recognition of own-race faces and that of other-race faces were moderated by age. Thus, like the behavioral ORE, the neural ORE emerges early and undergoes a protracted developmental course. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T14:09:25Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3b638cf673114030ad2b6a3f33bcc140 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1662-5161 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T14:09:25Z |
| publishDate | 2016-09-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Human Neuroscience |
| spelling | doaj.art-3b638cf673114030ad2b6a3f33bcc1402022-12-22T00:22:07ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience1662-51612016-09-011010.3389/fnhum.2016.00474189963Development of effective connectivity during own- and other-race face processing: A Granger causality analysisGuifei Zhou0Jiangang Liu1Xiao Pan Ding2Xiao Pan Ding3Genyue Fu4Kang Lee5Kang Lee6Beijing Jiaotong UniversityBeijing Jiaotong UniversityZhejiang Normal UniversityUniversity of TorontoHangzhou Normal UniversityZhejiang Normal UniversityUniversity of TorontoNumerous developmental studies have suggested that other-race effect (ORE) in face recognition emerges as early as in infancy and develops steadily throughout childhood. However, there is very limited research on the neural mechanisms underlying this developmental ORE. The present study used Granger causality analysis (GCA) to examine the development of children’s cortical networks in processing own- and other-race faces. Children were between 3 to 13 years. An old-new paradigm was used to assess their own- and other-race face recognition with ETG-4000 (Hitachi Medical Co., Japan) acquiring functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data. After preprocessing, for each participant and under each face condition, we obtained the causal map by calculating the weights of causal relations between the time courses of oxy-Hb of each pair of channels using GCA. To investigate further the differential causal connectivity for own-race faces and other-race faces at the group level, a repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the GCA weights for each pair of channels with the face race task (own-race face vs. other-race face) as the within-subject variable and the age as a between-subject factor (continuous variable). We found an age-related increase in functional connectivity, paralleling a similar age-related improvement in behavioral face processing ability. More importantly, we found that the significant differences in neural functional connectivity between the recognition of own-race faces and that of other-race faces were moderated by age. Thus, like the behavioral ORE, the neural ORE emerges early and undergoes a protracted developmental course.http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00474/fulleffective connectivityface recognitionfNIRSother-race effectdevelopmental OREGranger causal network |
| spellingShingle | Guifei Zhou Jiangang Liu Xiao Pan Ding Xiao Pan Ding Genyue Fu Kang Lee Kang Lee Development of effective connectivity during own- and other-race face processing: A Granger causality analysis Frontiers in Human Neuroscience effective connectivity face recognition fNIRS other-race effect developmental ORE Granger causal network |
| title | Development of effective connectivity during own- and other-race face processing: A Granger causality analysis |
| title_full | Development of effective connectivity during own- and other-race face processing: A Granger causality analysis |
| title_fullStr | Development of effective connectivity during own- and other-race face processing: A Granger causality analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development of effective connectivity during own- and other-race face processing: A Granger causality analysis |
| title_short | Development of effective connectivity during own- and other-race face processing: A Granger causality analysis |
| title_sort | development of effective connectivity during own and other race face processing a granger causality analysis |
| topic | effective connectivity face recognition fNIRS other-race effect developmental ORE Granger causal network |
| url | http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00474/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT guifeizhou developmentofeffectiveconnectivityduringownandotherracefaceprocessingagrangercausalityanalysis AT jiangangliu developmentofeffectiveconnectivityduringownandotherracefaceprocessingagrangercausalityanalysis AT xiaopanding developmentofeffectiveconnectivityduringownandotherracefaceprocessingagrangercausalityanalysis AT xiaopanding developmentofeffectiveconnectivityduringownandotherracefaceprocessingagrangercausalityanalysis AT genyuefu developmentofeffectiveconnectivityduringownandotherracefaceprocessingagrangercausalityanalysis AT kanglee developmentofeffectiveconnectivityduringownandotherracefaceprocessingagrangercausalityanalysis AT kanglee developmentofeffectiveconnectivityduringownandotherracefaceprocessingagrangercausalityanalysis |