Atmosphere–ocean exchange of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Russian Arctic Ocean
<p>Heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can greatly influence biotic activities and organic sources in the ocean. However, fluxes of these compounds as well as their fate, transport, and net input to the Arctic Ocean have not been thoroughly assessed. During April–November...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Copernicus Publications
2019-11-01
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| Series: | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| Online Access: | https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/19/13789/2019/acp-19-13789-2019.pdf |
| _version_ | 1818858787400843264 |
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| author | X. Ji X. Ji E. Abakumov X. Xie |
| author_facet | X. Ji X. Ji E. Abakumov X. Xie |
| author_sort | X. Ji |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>Heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can
greatly influence biotic activities and organic sources in the ocean.
However, fluxes of these compounds as well as their fate, transport, and net
input to the Arctic Ocean have not been thoroughly assessed. During
April–November of the 2016 “Russian High-Latitude Expedition”, 51 air
(gases, aerosols, and wet deposition) and water samples were collected from the
Russian Arctic within the Barents Sea, the Kara Sea, the Laptev Sea, and the East
Siberian Sea. Here, we report on the Russian Arctic assessment of the
occurrence of 35 PAHs and 9 metals (Pb, Cd, Cu,
Co, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Hg) in dry and wet deposition as well as the atmosphere–ocean fluxes of 35
PAHs and <span class="inline-formula">Hg<sup>0</sup></span>. We observed that Hg was mainly in the gas phase and that
Pb was most abundant in the gas phase compared with the aerosol and
dissolved water phases. Mn, Fe, Pb, and Zn showed higher levels than the
other metals in the three phases. The concentrations of PAHs in aerosols and
the dissolved water phase were approximately 1 order of magnitude higher
than those in the gas phase. The abundances of higher molecular weight PAHs
were highest in the aerosols. Higher levels of both heavy metals and PAHs
were observed in the Barents Sea, the Kara Sea, and the East Siberian Sea, which
were close to areas with urban and industrial sites. Diagnostic ratios of
phenanthrene/anthracene to fluoranthene/pyrene showed a pyrogenic source for
the aerosols and gases, whereas the patterns for the dissolved water phase
were indicative of both petrogenic and pyrogenic sources; pyrogenic sources
were most prevalent in the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. These differences
between air and seawater reflect the different sources of PAHs through
atmospheric transport, which included anthropogenic sources for gases and
aerosols and mixtures of anthropogenic and biogenic sources along the
continent in the Russian Arctic. The average dry deposition of <span class="inline-formula">∑<sub>9</sub></span> metals and <span class="inline-formula">∑<sub>35</sub></span> PAHs was 1749 and 1108 ng m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>, respectively. The average wet deposition of <span class="inline-formula">∑<sub>9</sub></span> metals and <span class="inline-formula">∑<sub>35</sub></span> PAHs was 33.29 and
221.31 <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>g m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>, respectively. For the atmosphere–sea
exchange, the monthly atmospheric input of <span class="inline-formula">∑<sub>35</sub></span> PAHs was estimated
at 1040 t. The monthly atmospheric Hg input was approximately 530 t.
These additional inputs of hazardous compounds may be disturbing the
biochemical cycles in the Arctic Ocean.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-19T09:01:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3b6427edc73046daaf997d89b1f1da8d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1680-7316 1680-7324 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-19T09:01:50Z |
| publishDate | 2019-11-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| spelling | doaj.art-3b6427edc73046daaf997d89b1f1da8d2022-12-21T20:28:27ZengCopernicus PublicationsAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics1680-73161680-73242019-11-0119137891380710.5194/acp-19-13789-2019Atmosphere–ocean exchange of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Russian Arctic OceanX. Ji0X. Ji1E. Abakumov2X. Xie3State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P.R. ChinaDepartment of Applied Ecology, Saint Petersburg State University, 16-line, 29, Vasilyevskiy Island, Saint Petersburg 199178, Russian FederationDepartment of Applied Ecology, Saint Petersburg State University, 16-line, 29, Vasilyevskiy Island, Saint Petersburg 199178, Russian FederationState Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P.R. China<p>Heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can greatly influence biotic activities and organic sources in the ocean. However, fluxes of these compounds as well as their fate, transport, and net input to the Arctic Ocean have not been thoroughly assessed. During April–November of the 2016 “Russian High-Latitude Expedition”, 51 air (gases, aerosols, and wet deposition) and water samples were collected from the Russian Arctic within the Barents Sea, the Kara Sea, the Laptev Sea, and the East Siberian Sea. Here, we report on the Russian Arctic assessment of the occurrence of 35 PAHs and 9 metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Co, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Hg) in dry and wet deposition as well as the atmosphere–ocean fluxes of 35 PAHs and <span class="inline-formula">Hg<sup>0</sup></span>. We observed that Hg was mainly in the gas phase and that Pb was most abundant in the gas phase compared with the aerosol and dissolved water phases. Mn, Fe, Pb, and Zn showed higher levels than the other metals in the three phases. The concentrations of PAHs in aerosols and the dissolved water phase were approximately 1 order of magnitude higher than those in the gas phase. The abundances of higher molecular weight PAHs were highest in the aerosols. Higher levels of both heavy metals and PAHs were observed in the Barents Sea, the Kara Sea, and the East Siberian Sea, which were close to areas with urban and industrial sites. Diagnostic ratios of phenanthrene/anthracene to fluoranthene/pyrene showed a pyrogenic source for the aerosols and gases, whereas the patterns for the dissolved water phase were indicative of both petrogenic and pyrogenic sources; pyrogenic sources were most prevalent in the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. These differences between air and seawater reflect the different sources of PAHs through atmospheric transport, which included anthropogenic sources for gases and aerosols and mixtures of anthropogenic and biogenic sources along the continent in the Russian Arctic. The average dry deposition of <span class="inline-formula">∑<sub>9</sub></span> metals and <span class="inline-formula">∑<sub>35</sub></span> PAHs was 1749 and 1108 ng m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>, respectively. The average wet deposition of <span class="inline-formula">∑<sub>9</sub></span> metals and <span class="inline-formula">∑<sub>35</sub></span> PAHs was 33.29 and 221.31 <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>g m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>, respectively. For the atmosphere–sea exchange, the monthly atmospheric input of <span class="inline-formula">∑<sub>35</sub></span> PAHs was estimated at 1040 t. The monthly atmospheric Hg input was approximately 530 t. These additional inputs of hazardous compounds may be disturbing the biochemical cycles in the Arctic Ocean.</p>https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/19/13789/2019/acp-19-13789-2019.pdf |
| spellingShingle | X. Ji X. Ji E. Abakumov X. Xie Atmosphere–ocean exchange of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Russian Arctic Ocean Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| title | Atmosphere–ocean exchange of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Russian Arctic Ocean |
| title_full | Atmosphere–ocean exchange of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Russian Arctic Ocean |
| title_fullStr | Atmosphere–ocean exchange of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Russian Arctic Ocean |
| title_full_unstemmed | Atmosphere–ocean exchange of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Russian Arctic Ocean |
| title_short | Atmosphere–ocean exchange of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Russian Arctic Ocean |
| title_sort | atmosphere ocean exchange of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the russian arctic ocean |
| url | https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/19/13789/2019/acp-19-13789-2019.pdf |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT xji atmosphereoceanexchangeofheavymetalsandpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsintherussianarcticocean AT xji atmosphereoceanexchangeofheavymetalsandpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsintherussianarcticocean AT eabakumov atmosphereoceanexchangeofheavymetalsandpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsintherussianarcticocean AT xxie atmosphereoceanexchangeofheavymetalsandpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsintherussianarcticocean |