Tumor Microenvironment: Implications in Melanoma Resistance to Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy
Antitumor therapies have made great strides in recent decades. Chemotherapy, aggressive and unable to discriminate cancer from healthy cells, has given way to personalized treatments that, recognizing and blocking specific molecular targets, have paved the way for targeted and effective therapies. M...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-10-01
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| Series: | Cancers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/12/10/2870 |
| _version_ | 1797551687663091712 |
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| author | Italia Falcone Fabiana Conciatori Chiara Bazzichetto Gianluigi Ferretti Francesco Cognetti Ludovica Ciuffreda Michele Milella |
| author_facet | Italia Falcone Fabiana Conciatori Chiara Bazzichetto Gianluigi Ferretti Francesco Cognetti Ludovica Ciuffreda Michele Milella |
| author_sort | Italia Falcone |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Antitumor therapies have made great strides in recent decades. Chemotherapy, aggressive and unable to discriminate cancer from healthy cells, has given way to personalized treatments that, recognizing and blocking specific molecular targets, have paved the way for targeted and effective therapies. Melanoma was one of the first tumor types to benefit from this new care frontier by introducing specific inhibitors for v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK), v-kit Hardy–Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KIT), and, recently, immunotherapy. However, despite the progress made in the melanoma treatment, primary and/or acquired drug resistance remains an unresolved problem. The molecular dynamics that promote this phenomenon are very complex but several studies have shown that the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays, certainly, a key role. In this review, we will describe the new melanoma treatment approaches and we will analyze the mechanisms by which TME promotes resistance to targeted therapy and immunotherapy. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:49:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3b6dbd72f3a0412aac043bf19037b5bd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6694 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:49:33Z |
| publishDate | 2020-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cancers |
| spelling | doaj.art-3b6dbd72f3a0412aac043bf19037b5bd2023-11-20T16:10:56ZengMDPI AGCancers2072-66942020-10-011210287010.3390/cancers12102870Tumor Microenvironment: Implications in Melanoma Resistance to Targeted Therapy and ImmunotherapyItalia Falcone0Fabiana Conciatori1Chiara Bazzichetto2Gianluigi Ferretti3Francesco Cognetti4Ludovica Ciuffreda5Michele Milella6Medical Oncology, IRCCS—Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, ItalyMedical Oncology, IRCCS—Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, ItalyMedical Oncology, IRCCS—Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, ItalyMedical Oncology, IRCCS—Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, ItalyMedical Oncology, IRCCS—Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, ItalySAFU, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, IRCCS—Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, ItalySection of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona School of Medicine and Verona University Hospital Trust, 37126 Verona, ItalyAntitumor therapies have made great strides in recent decades. Chemotherapy, aggressive and unable to discriminate cancer from healthy cells, has given way to personalized treatments that, recognizing and blocking specific molecular targets, have paved the way for targeted and effective therapies. Melanoma was one of the first tumor types to benefit from this new care frontier by introducing specific inhibitors for v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK), v-kit Hardy–Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KIT), and, recently, immunotherapy. However, despite the progress made in the melanoma treatment, primary and/or acquired drug resistance remains an unresolved problem. The molecular dynamics that promote this phenomenon are very complex but several studies have shown that the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays, certainly, a key role. In this review, we will describe the new melanoma treatment approaches and we will analyze the mechanisms by which TME promotes resistance to targeted therapy and immunotherapy.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/12/10/2870melanomatargeted therapyimmunotherapytumor microenvironmenttherapeutic resistance |
| spellingShingle | Italia Falcone Fabiana Conciatori Chiara Bazzichetto Gianluigi Ferretti Francesco Cognetti Ludovica Ciuffreda Michele Milella Tumor Microenvironment: Implications in Melanoma Resistance to Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy Cancers melanoma targeted therapy immunotherapy tumor microenvironment therapeutic resistance |
| title | Tumor Microenvironment: Implications in Melanoma Resistance to Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy |
| title_full | Tumor Microenvironment: Implications in Melanoma Resistance to Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy |
| title_fullStr | Tumor Microenvironment: Implications in Melanoma Resistance to Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tumor Microenvironment: Implications in Melanoma Resistance to Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy |
| title_short | Tumor Microenvironment: Implications in Melanoma Resistance to Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy |
| title_sort | tumor microenvironment implications in melanoma resistance to targeted therapy and immunotherapy |
| topic | melanoma targeted therapy immunotherapy tumor microenvironment therapeutic resistance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/12/10/2870 |
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