HIV-1 Persistence and Chronic Induction of Innate Immune Responses in Macrophages
A hallmark of HIV-1 infection is chronic inflammation, which plays a significant role in disease pathogenesis. Acute HIV infection induces robust inflammatory responses, which are insufficient to prevent or eliminate virus in mucosal tissues. While establishment of viral set-point is coincident with...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-06-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/12/7/711 |
| _version_ | 1797563631650471936 |
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| author | Hisashi Akiyama Suryaram Gummuluru |
| author_facet | Hisashi Akiyama Suryaram Gummuluru |
| author_sort | Hisashi Akiyama |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A hallmark of HIV-1 infection is chronic inflammation, which plays a significant role in disease pathogenesis. Acute HIV infection induces robust inflammatory responses, which are insufficient to prevent or eliminate virus in mucosal tissues. While establishment of viral set-point is coincident with downregulation of acute innate responses, systemic inflammatory responses persist during the course of chronic HIV infection. Since the introduction of combination antiviral therapy (cART), most HIV-1<sup>+</sup> individuals can suppress viremia under detection levels for decades. However, chronic immune activation persists and has been postulated to cause HIV associated non-AIDS complications (HANA). Importantly, inflammatory cytokines and activation markers associated with macrophages are strongly and selectively correlated with the incidence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), cardiovascular dysfunctions (CVD) and other HANA conditions. In this review, we discuss the roles of macrophages in facilitating viral persistence and contributing to generation of persistent inflammatory responses. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:46:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3b83fc7ffb584f89838675d33553a10a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:46:15Z |
| publishDate | 2020-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-3b83fc7ffb584f89838675d33553a10a2023-11-20T05:27:55ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152020-06-0112771110.3390/v12070711HIV-1 Persistence and Chronic Induction of Innate Immune Responses in MacrophagesHisashi Akiyama0Suryaram Gummuluru1Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St., R512, Boston, MA 02118, USADepartment of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St., R512, Boston, MA 02118, USAA hallmark of HIV-1 infection is chronic inflammation, which plays a significant role in disease pathogenesis. Acute HIV infection induces robust inflammatory responses, which are insufficient to prevent or eliminate virus in mucosal tissues. While establishment of viral set-point is coincident with downregulation of acute innate responses, systemic inflammatory responses persist during the course of chronic HIV infection. Since the introduction of combination antiviral therapy (cART), most HIV-1<sup>+</sup> individuals can suppress viremia under detection levels for decades. However, chronic immune activation persists and has been postulated to cause HIV associated non-AIDS complications (HANA). Importantly, inflammatory cytokines and activation markers associated with macrophages are strongly and selectively correlated with the incidence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), cardiovascular dysfunctions (CVD) and other HANA conditions. In this review, we discuss the roles of macrophages in facilitating viral persistence and contributing to generation of persistent inflammatory responses.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/12/7/711HIVmacrophagePAMPspersistent viral RNA expressionchronic innate immune activationintron-containing RNA |
| spellingShingle | Hisashi Akiyama Suryaram Gummuluru HIV-1 Persistence and Chronic Induction of Innate Immune Responses in Macrophages Viruses HIV macrophage PAMPs persistent viral RNA expression chronic innate immune activation intron-containing RNA |
| title | HIV-1 Persistence and Chronic Induction of Innate Immune Responses in Macrophages |
| title_full | HIV-1 Persistence and Chronic Induction of Innate Immune Responses in Macrophages |
| title_fullStr | HIV-1 Persistence and Chronic Induction of Innate Immune Responses in Macrophages |
| title_full_unstemmed | HIV-1 Persistence and Chronic Induction of Innate Immune Responses in Macrophages |
| title_short | HIV-1 Persistence and Chronic Induction of Innate Immune Responses in Macrophages |
| title_sort | hiv 1 persistence and chronic induction of innate immune responses in macrophages |
| topic | HIV macrophage PAMPs persistent viral RNA expression chronic innate immune activation intron-containing RNA |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/12/7/711 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hisashiakiyama hiv1persistenceandchronicinductionofinnateimmuneresponsesinmacrophages AT suryaramgummuluru hiv1persistenceandchronicinductionofinnateimmuneresponsesinmacrophages |