| Summary: | Developed in the pre-internet era in the early 1980s, empirical medical practice, i.e., evidence-based practice (EBP) has become crucial in critical thinking and statistical reasoning at the point-of-care. As little evidence is available so far on how EBP is perceived in the Austrian academic context, we conducted a cross-sectional online survey among a nonrandom purposive sample of employees and students at the Medical University Vienna, Austria (total <i>n</i> = 1247, 59.8% females). The German questionnaire assessed both EBP capability beliefs and EBP use, with the respective indices both yielding good internal consistency. We conducted subgroup comparisons between employees (<i>n</i> = 638) and students (<i>n</i> = 609). In line with Bandura’s self-efficacy theory, we found a correlation between EBP capability beliefs and EBP use, with higher scores reported in the employee group. The results indicated that the participants did not strictly follow the sequential EBP steps as grounded in the item-response theory. Since its emergence, EBP has struggled to overcome the dominating traditional way of conducting medicine, which is also known as eminence-based medicine, where ad hoc decisions are based upon expert opinions, and nowadays frequently supplemented by quick online searches. Medical staff and supervisors of medical students should be aware of the existing overlaps and synergies of these potentially equivalent factors in clinical care. There is a need for intensifying the public and scientific debate on how to deal with the divergence between EBP theory and EBP practice.
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