Chemically Induced pH Perturbations for Analyzing Biological Barriers Using Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors
Potentiometric pH measurements have long been used for the bioanalysis of biofluids, tissues, and cells. A glass pH electrode and ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) can measure the time course of pH changes in a microenvironment as a result of physiological and biological activities. Howe...
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MDPI AG
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7277 |
| _version_ | 1797511698812239872 |
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| author | Tatsuro Goda |
| author_facet | Tatsuro Goda |
| author_sort | Tatsuro Goda |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Potentiometric pH measurements have long been used for the bioanalysis of biofluids, tissues, and cells. A glass pH electrode and ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) can measure the time course of pH changes in a microenvironment as a result of physiological and biological activities. However, the signal interpretation of passive pH sensing is difficult because many biological activities influence the spatiotemporal distribution of pH in the microenvironment. Moreover, time course measurement suffers from stability because of gradual drifts in signaling. To address these issues, an active method of pH sensing was developed for the analysis of the cell barrier in vitro. The microenvironmental pH is temporarily perturbed by introducing a low concentration of weak acid (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>) or base (CH<sub>3</sub>COO<sup>−</sup>) to cells cultured on the gate insulator of ISFET using a superfusion system. Considering the pH perturbation originates from the semi-permeability of lipid bilayer plasma membranes, induced proton dynamics are used for analyzing the biomembrane barriers against ions and hydrated species following interaction with exogenous reagents. The unique feature of the method is the sensitivity to the formation of transmembrane pores as small as a proton (H<sup>+</sup>), enabling the analysis of cell–nanomaterial interactions at the molecular level. The new modality of cell analysis using ISFET is expected to be applied to nanomedicine, drug screening, and tissue engineering. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:51:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3b8e0c9c029b45f08da2c7f9019c8323 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:51:47Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-3b8e0c9c029b45f08da2c7f9019c83232023-11-22T21:39:16ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202021-11-012121727710.3390/s21217277Chemically Induced pH Perturbations for Analyzing Biological Barriers Using Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect TransistorsTatsuro Goda0Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, JapanPotentiometric pH measurements have long been used for the bioanalysis of biofluids, tissues, and cells. A glass pH electrode and ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) can measure the time course of pH changes in a microenvironment as a result of physiological and biological activities. However, the signal interpretation of passive pH sensing is difficult because many biological activities influence the spatiotemporal distribution of pH in the microenvironment. Moreover, time course measurement suffers from stability because of gradual drifts in signaling. To address these issues, an active method of pH sensing was developed for the analysis of the cell barrier in vitro. The microenvironmental pH is temporarily perturbed by introducing a low concentration of weak acid (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>) or base (CH<sub>3</sub>COO<sup>−</sup>) to cells cultured on the gate insulator of ISFET using a superfusion system. Considering the pH perturbation originates from the semi-permeability of lipid bilayer plasma membranes, induced proton dynamics are used for analyzing the biomembrane barriers against ions and hydrated species following interaction with exogenous reagents. The unique feature of the method is the sensitivity to the formation of transmembrane pores as small as a proton (H<sup>+</sup>), enabling the analysis of cell–nanomaterial interactions at the molecular level. The new modality of cell analysis using ISFET is expected to be applied to nanomedicine, drug screening, and tissue engineering.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7277potentiometrylabel-freecell membranestight junctionscytotoxicity |
| spellingShingle | Tatsuro Goda Chemically Induced pH Perturbations for Analyzing Biological Barriers Using Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors Sensors potentiometry label-free cell membranes tight junctions cytotoxicity |
| title | Chemically Induced pH Perturbations for Analyzing Biological Barriers Using Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors |
| title_full | Chemically Induced pH Perturbations for Analyzing Biological Barriers Using Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors |
| title_fullStr | Chemically Induced pH Perturbations for Analyzing Biological Barriers Using Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chemically Induced pH Perturbations for Analyzing Biological Barriers Using Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors |
| title_short | Chemically Induced pH Perturbations for Analyzing Biological Barriers Using Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors |
| title_sort | chemically induced ph perturbations for analyzing biological barriers using ion sensitive field effect transistors |
| topic | potentiometry label-free cell membranes tight junctions cytotoxicity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7277 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tatsurogoda chemicallyinducedphperturbationsforanalyzingbiologicalbarriersusingionsensitivefieldeffecttransistors |