| Summary: | <h4>Background</h4> Conflicting results are reported about daytime variation on mortality and cardiac outcomes after non-cardiac surgeries. In this cohort study, we evaluate whether the period of the day in which surgeries are performed may influence all-cause mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in patients undergoing non-cardiac arterial vascular procedures. <h4>Methods</h4> 1,267 patients who underwent non-cardiac arterial vascular surgeries between 2012 and 2018 were prospectively included in our cohort and categorized into two groups: morning (7 a.m. to 12 a.m., 79%) and afternoon/night (12:01 p.m. to 6:59 a.m. in the next day, 21%) surgeries. Primary endpoint was all-cause mortality within 30 days and one year. Secondary endpoints were the incidence of perioperative myocardial injury/infarction (PMI), and the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE, including acute myocardial infarction, acute heart failure, arrhythmias, cardiovascular death) at hospital discharge. <h4>Results</h4> After adjusting for confounders in the multivariable Cox proportional regression, all-cause mortality rates at 30 days and one year were higher among those who underwent surgery in the afternoon/night (aHR 1.6 [95%CI 1.1–2.3], P = 0.015 and aHR 1.7 [95%CI 1.3–2.2], P < 0.001, respectively). Afternoon/night patients had higher incidence of PMI (aHR 1.4 [95%CI 1.1–1.7], P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the incidence of MACE (aHR 1.3 [95%CI 0.9–1.7], P = 0.074). <h4>Conclusions</h4> In patients undergoing arterial vascular surgery, being operated in the afternoon/night was independently associated with increased all-cause mortality rates and incidence of perioperative myocardial injury/infarction.
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