Function Is More Reliable than Quantity to Follow Up the Humoral Response to the Receptor-Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2-Spike Protein after Natural Infection or COVID-19 Vaccination
<b> </b>Both the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and emergence of variants of concern have highlighted the need for functional antibody assays to monitor the humoral response over time. Antibodies directed against the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 are an important component of the neutralizing ant...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-09-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/10/1972 |
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| author | Carlos A. Sariol Petraleigh Pantoja Crisanta Serrano-Collazo Tiffany Rosa-Arocho Albersy Armina-Rodríguez Lorna Cruz E. Taylor Stone Teresa Arana Consuelo Climent Gerardo Latoni Dianne Atehortua Christina Pabon-Carrero Amelia K. Pinto James D. Brien Ana M. Espino |
| author_facet | Carlos A. Sariol Petraleigh Pantoja Crisanta Serrano-Collazo Tiffany Rosa-Arocho Albersy Armina-Rodríguez Lorna Cruz E. Taylor Stone Teresa Arana Consuelo Climent Gerardo Latoni Dianne Atehortua Christina Pabon-Carrero Amelia K. Pinto James D. Brien Ana M. Espino |
| author_sort | Carlos A. Sariol |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b> </b>Both the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and emergence of variants of concern have highlighted the need for functional antibody assays to monitor the humoral response over time. Antibodies directed against the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 are an important component of the neutralizing antibody response. In this work, we report that in a subset of patients—despite a decline in total S-specific antibodies—neutralizing antibody titers remain at a similar level for an average of 98 days in longitudinal sampling of a cohort of 59 Hispanic/Latino patients exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Our data suggest that 100% of seroconverting patients make detectable neutralizing antibody responses which can be quantified by a surrogate viral neutralization test. Examination of sera from ten out of the 59 subjects which received mRNA-based vaccination revealed that both IgG titers and neutralizing activity of sera were higher after vaccination compared to a cohort of 21 SARS-CoV-2 naïve subjects. One dose was sufficient for the induction of a neutralizing antibody, but two doses were necessary to reach 100% surrogate virus neutralization in subjects irrespective of previous SARS-CoV-2 natural infection status. Like the pattern observed after natural infection, the total anti-S antibodies titers declined after the second vaccine dose; however, neutralizing activity remained relatively constant for more than 80 days after the first vaccine dose. Furthermore, our data indicates that—compared with mRNA vaccination—natural infection induces a more robust humoral immune response in unexposed subjects. This work is an important contribution to understanding the natural immune response to the novel coronavirus in a population severely impacted by SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, by comparing the dynamics of the immune response after the natural infection vs. the vaccination, these findings suggest that functional neutralizing antibody tests are more relevant indicators than the presence or absence of binding antibodies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:08:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3b9c108ae7614293a28399ed327fe74a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:08:19Z |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-3b9c108ae7614293a28399ed327fe74a2023-11-22T20:18:51ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152021-09-011310197210.3390/v13101972Function Is More Reliable than Quantity to Follow Up the Humoral Response to the Receptor-Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2-Spike Protein after Natural Infection or COVID-19 VaccinationCarlos A. Sariol0Petraleigh Pantoja1Crisanta Serrano-Collazo2Tiffany Rosa-Arocho3Albersy Armina-Rodríguez4Lorna Cruz5E. Taylor Stone6Teresa Arana7Consuelo Climent8Gerardo Latoni9Dianne Atehortua10Christina Pabon-Carrero11Amelia K. Pinto12James D. Brien13Ana M. Espino14Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USAUnit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USAUnit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USAUnit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USAUnit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USADepartment of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USADepartment of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO 63104, USADepartment of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USABlood Bank Medical Center, Medical Center, San Juan, PR 00936, USABanco de Sangre de Servicios Mutuos, Guaynabo, PR 00968, USAPuerto Rico Science, Technology and Research Trust, San Juan, PR 00927, USAPuerto Rico Science, Technology and Research Trust, San Juan, PR 00927, USADepartment of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO 63104, USADepartment of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO 63104, USADepartment of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA<b> </b>Both the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and emergence of variants of concern have highlighted the need for functional antibody assays to monitor the humoral response over time. Antibodies directed against the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 are an important component of the neutralizing antibody response. In this work, we report that in a subset of patients—despite a decline in total S-specific antibodies—neutralizing antibody titers remain at a similar level for an average of 98 days in longitudinal sampling of a cohort of 59 Hispanic/Latino patients exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Our data suggest that 100% of seroconverting patients make detectable neutralizing antibody responses which can be quantified by a surrogate viral neutralization test. Examination of sera from ten out of the 59 subjects which received mRNA-based vaccination revealed that both IgG titers and neutralizing activity of sera were higher after vaccination compared to a cohort of 21 SARS-CoV-2 naïve subjects. One dose was sufficient for the induction of a neutralizing antibody, but two doses were necessary to reach 100% surrogate virus neutralization in subjects irrespective of previous SARS-CoV-2 natural infection status. Like the pattern observed after natural infection, the total anti-S antibodies titers declined after the second vaccine dose; however, neutralizing activity remained relatively constant for more than 80 days after the first vaccine dose. Furthermore, our data indicates that—compared with mRNA vaccination—natural infection induces a more robust humoral immune response in unexposed subjects. This work is an important contribution to understanding the natural immune response to the novel coronavirus in a population severely impacted by SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, by comparing the dynamics of the immune response after the natural infection vs. the vaccination, these findings suggest that functional neutralizing antibody tests are more relevant indicators than the presence or absence of binding antibodies.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/10/1972SARS-CoV-2COVID-19 vaccineneutralizationserologyprotection |
| spellingShingle | Carlos A. Sariol Petraleigh Pantoja Crisanta Serrano-Collazo Tiffany Rosa-Arocho Albersy Armina-Rodríguez Lorna Cruz E. Taylor Stone Teresa Arana Consuelo Climent Gerardo Latoni Dianne Atehortua Christina Pabon-Carrero Amelia K. Pinto James D. Brien Ana M. Espino Function Is More Reliable than Quantity to Follow Up the Humoral Response to the Receptor-Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2-Spike Protein after Natural Infection or COVID-19 Vaccination Viruses SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 vaccine neutralization serology protection |
| title | Function Is More Reliable than Quantity to Follow Up the Humoral Response to the Receptor-Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2-Spike Protein after Natural Infection or COVID-19 Vaccination |
| title_full | Function Is More Reliable than Quantity to Follow Up the Humoral Response to the Receptor-Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2-Spike Protein after Natural Infection or COVID-19 Vaccination |
| title_fullStr | Function Is More Reliable than Quantity to Follow Up the Humoral Response to the Receptor-Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2-Spike Protein after Natural Infection or COVID-19 Vaccination |
| title_full_unstemmed | Function Is More Reliable than Quantity to Follow Up the Humoral Response to the Receptor-Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2-Spike Protein after Natural Infection or COVID-19 Vaccination |
| title_short | Function Is More Reliable than Quantity to Follow Up the Humoral Response to the Receptor-Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2-Spike Protein after Natural Infection or COVID-19 Vaccination |
| title_sort | function is more reliable than quantity to follow up the humoral response to the receptor binding domain of sars cov 2 spike protein after natural infection or covid 19 vaccination |
| topic | SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 vaccine neutralization serology protection |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/10/1972 |
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