Spatial and Temporal Variations of Terrestrial Water Storage in Upper Indus Basin Using GRACE and Altimetry Data
Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and satellite altimetry are suitable for the precise measurement of terrestrial water storage (TWS) and lake water level variations from space. In this study, two GRACE solutions, namely, spherical harmonics (SH) and mascon (MSC), are utilized with the...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IEEE
2020-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Access |
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9052687/ |
| _version_ | 1818932144705110016 |
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| author | Dostdar Hussain Huan-Chin Kao Aftab Ahmed Khan Wen-Hau Lan Moslem Imani Chi-Ming Lee Chung-Yen Kuo |
| author_facet | Dostdar Hussain Huan-Chin Kao Aftab Ahmed Khan Wen-Hau Lan Moslem Imani Chi-Ming Lee Chung-Yen Kuo |
| author_sort | Dostdar Hussain |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and satellite altimetry are suitable for the precise measurement of terrestrial water storage (TWS) and lake water level variations from space. In this study, two GRACE solutions, namely, spherical harmonics (SH) and mascon (MSC), are utilized with the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) model to estimate the spatial and temporal variations of TWS in the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) for the study period of January 2003 to December 2016. The TWS estimated by SH, MSC, and the GLDAS model are consistent and generally show negative trends of -4.47 ± 0.38 mm/year, -4.81 ± 0.49 mm/year, and -3.77 ± 0.46 mm/year, respectively. Moreover, we use the GLDAS model data to understand the roles of variations in land surface state variables (snow water equivalent (SWE), soil moisture, and canopy water storage) in enhancing or dissipating the TWS in the region. Results indicate that SWE, which has a significant contribution to GRACE TWS variability, is an important parameter. Spearman's rank correlations are calculated to demonstrate the relationship of the GLDAS land surface state variables and the GRACE signals. A highly positive correlation between SWE with TWS is estimated by SH and MSC as 0.691 and 0.649, respectively, indicating that the TWS signal is mainly reliant on snow water in the study region. The ground water storages estimated by SH and MSC solutions are nearly stable with slight increasing trends of 0.63 ± 0.48 mm/year and 0.29 ± 0.51 mm/year, respectively. We also take advantage of the potential of satellite altimetry in measuring lake water level variations, and our result indicates that Cryosat-2 SARin mode altimetry data can be used in estimating small water bodies accurately in the high mountainous region of the UIB. Moreover, the climate indices data of El-Niño Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation are analyzed to determine the influence of pacific climatic variability on TWS. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-20T04:27:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3bb307e3d54442ea8e672c415aab5735 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2169-3536 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-20T04:27:49Z |
| publishDate | 2020-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Access |
| spelling | doaj.art-3bb307e3d54442ea8e672c415aab57352022-12-21T19:53:28ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362020-01-018653276533910.1109/ACCESS.2020.29847949052687Spatial and Temporal Variations of Terrestrial Water Storage in Upper Indus Basin Using GRACE and Altimetry DataDostdar Hussain0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-7622Huan-Chin Kao1Aftab Ahmed Khan2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0261-9136Wen-Hau Lan3Moslem Imani4Chi-Ming Lee5Chung-Yen Kuo6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3449-995XDepartment of Geomatics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, TaiwanDepartment of Geomatics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, TaiwanDepartment of Computer Sciences, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, PakistanDepartment of Communications, Navigation Control Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, TaiwanDepartment of Geomatics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, TaiwanDepartment of Geomatics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, TaiwanDepartment of Geomatics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, TaiwanGravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and satellite altimetry are suitable for the precise measurement of terrestrial water storage (TWS) and lake water level variations from space. In this study, two GRACE solutions, namely, spherical harmonics (SH) and mascon (MSC), are utilized with the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) model to estimate the spatial and temporal variations of TWS in the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) for the study period of January 2003 to December 2016. The TWS estimated by SH, MSC, and the GLDAS model are consistent and generally show negative trends of -4.47 ± 0.38 mm/year, -4.81 ± 0.49 mm/year, and -3.77 ± 0.46 mm/year, respectively. Moreover, we use the GLDAS model data to understand the roles of variations in land surface state variables (snow water equivalent (SWE), soil moisture, and canopy water storage) in enhancing or dissipating the TWS in the region. Results indicate that SWE, which has a significant contribution to GRACE TWS variability, is an important parameter. Spearman's rank correlations are calculated to demonstrate the relationship of the GLDAS land surface state variables and the GRACE signals. A highly positive correlation between SWE with TWS is estimated by SH and MSC as 0.691 and 0.649, respectively, indicating that the TWS signal is mainly reliant on snow water in the study region. The ground water storages estimated by SH and MSC solutions are nearly stable with slight increasing trends of 0.63 ± 0.48 mm/year and 0.29 ± 0.51 mm/year, respectively. We also take advantage of the potential of satellite altimetry in measuring lake water level variations, and our result indicates that Cryosat-2 SARin mode altimetry data can be used in estimating small water bodies accurately in the high mountainous region of the UIB. Moreover, the climate indices data of El-Niño Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation are analyzed to determine the influence of pacific climatic variability on TWS.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9052687/Cryosat-2GLDAS modelGRACE Satelliteterrestrial water storageupper indus basin |
| spellingShingle | Dostdar Hussain Huan-Chin Kao Aftab Ahmed Khan Wen-Hau Lan Moslem Imani Chi-Ming Lee Chung-Yen Kuo Spatial and Temporal Variations of Terrestrial Water Storage in Upper Indus Basin Using GRACE and Altimetry Data IEEE Access Cryosat-2 GLDAS model GRACE Satellite terrestrial water storage upper indus basin |
| title | Spatial and Temporal Variations of Terrestrial Water Storage in Upper Indus Basin Using GRACE and Altimetry Data |
| title_full | Spatial and Temporal Variations of Terrestrial Water Storage in Upper Indus Basin Using GRACE and Altimetry Data |
| title_fullStr | Spatial and Temporal Variations of Terrestrial Water Storage in Upper Indus Basin Using GRACE and Altimetry Data |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatial and Temporal Variations of Terrestrial Water Storage in Upper Indus Basin Using GRACE and Altimetry Data |
| title_short | Spatial and Temporal Variations of Terrestrial Water Storage in Upper Indus Basin Using GRACE and Altimetry Data |
| title_sort | spatial and temporal variations of terrestrial water storage in upper indus basin using grace and altimetry data |
| topic | Cryosat-2 GLDAS model GRACE Satellite terrestrial water storage upper indus basin |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9052687/ |
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