Biotransformation, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacological Activities of Ginsenoside Rd Against Multiple Diseases
Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. has a history of more than 4000 years and is widely used in Asian countries. Modern pharmacological studies have proved that ginsenosides and their compounds have a variety of significant biological activities on specific diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, certai...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Pharmacology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2022.909363/full |
| _version_ | 1828789540761894912 |
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| author | Jing Li Qingxia Huang Qingxia Huang Yao Yao Peng Ji E. Mingyao Jinjin Chen Zepeng Zhang Zepeng Zhang Hongyu Qi Jiaqi Liu Zhaoqiang Chen Daqing Zhao Lei Zhou Xiangyan Li |
| author_facet | Jing Li Qingxia Huang Qingxia Huang Yao Yao Peng Ji E. Mingyao Jinjin Chen Zepeng Zhang Zepeng Zhang Hongyu Qi Jiaqi Liu Zhaoqiang Chen Daqing Zhao Lei Zhou Xiangyan Li |
| author_sort | Jing Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. has a history of more than 4000 years and is widely used in Asian countries. Modern pharmacological studies have proved that ginsenosides and their compounds have a variety of significant biological activities on specific diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, certain types of cancer, gastrointestinal disease, and metabolic diseases, in which most of the interest has focused on ginsenoside Rd. The evidentiary basis showed that ginsenoside Rd ameliorates ischemic stroke, nerve injury, cancer, and other diseases involved in apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and autophagy. In this review, we summarized available reports on the molecular biological mechanisms of ginsenoside Rd in neurological diseases, cancer, metabolic diseases, and other diseases. We also discussed the main biotransformation pathways of ginsenoside Rd obtained by fermentation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T01:14:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3bc39127e9e54d34b42c0ca8420df1a5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1663-9812 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T01:14:32Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Pharmacology |
| spelling | doaj.art-3bc39127e9e54d34b42c0ca8420df1a52022-12-22T00:43:23ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Pharmacology1663-98122022-07-011310.3389/fphar.2022.909363909363Biotransformation, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacological Activities of Ginsenoside Rd Against Multiple DiseasesJing Li0Qingxia Huang1Qingxia Huang2Yao Yao3Peng Ji4E. Mingyao5Jinjin Chen6Zepeng Zhang7Zepeng Zhang8Hongyu Qi9Jiaqi Liu10Zhaoqiang Chen11Daqing Zhao12Lei Zhou13Xiangyan Li14Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, ChinaJilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, ChinaResearch Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, ChinaJilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, ChinaJilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, ChinaJilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, ChinaJilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, ChinaJilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, ChinaCollege of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, ChinaJilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, ChinaJilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, ChinaJilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, ChinaJilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, ChinaDepartment of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, ChinaJilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, ChinaPanax ginseng C.A. Mey. has a history of more than 4000 years and is widely used in Asian countries. Modern pharmacological studies have proved that ginsenosides and their compounds have a variety of significant biological activities on specific diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, certain types of cancer, gastrointestinal disease, and metabolic diseases, in which most of the interest has focused on ginsenoside Rd. The evidentiary basis showed that ginsenoside Rd ameliorates ischemic stroke, nerve injury, cancer, and other diseases involved in apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and autophagy. In this review, we summarized available reports on the molecular biological mechanisms of ginsenoside Rd in neurological diseases, cancer, metabolic diseases, and other diseases. We also discussed the main biotransformation pathways of ginsenoside Rd obtained by fermentation.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2022.909363/fullPanax ginseng C.A. Mey.ginsenoside Rdbiotransformationpharmacokineticsmolecular mechanisms |
| spellingShingle | Jing Li Qingxia Huang Qingxia Huang Yao Yao Peng Ji E. Mingyao Jinjin Chen Zepeng Zhang Zepeng Zhang Hongyu Qi Jiaqi Liu Zhaoqiang Chen Daqing Zhao Lei Zhou Xiangyan Li Biotransformation, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacological Activities of Ginsenoside Rd Against Multiple Diseases Frontiers in Pharmacology Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. ginsenoside Rd biotransformation pharmacokinetics molecular mechanisms |
| title | Biotransformation, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacological Activities of Ginsenoside Rd Against Multiple Diseases |
| title_full | Biotransformation, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacological Activities of Ginsenoside Rd Against Multiple Diseases |
| title_fullStr | Biotransformation, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacological Activities of Ginsenoside Rd Against Multiple Diseases |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biotransformation, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacological Activities of Ginsenoside Rd Against Multiple Diseases |
| title_short | Biotransformation, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacological Activities of Ginsenoside Rd Against Multiple Diseases |
| title_sort | biotransformation pharmacokinetics and pharmacological activities of ginsenoside rd against multiple diseases |
| topic | Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. ginsenoside Rd biotransformation pharmacokinetics molecular mechanisms |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2022.909363/full |
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