Chemical stability of xanthates, dithiophosphinates and hydroxamic acids in aqueous solutions and their environmental implications
Currently there is a wide variety of collectors used in mineral processing, the xanthates being the most used in sulfides flotation. Unfortunately, it is known that xanthates are not stable compounds and their decomposition generates carbon disulfide (CS2), a substance that is considered toxic. Thes...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2021-01-01
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| Series: | Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651320313464 |
| _version_ | 1818740069301747712 |
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| author | Martha Araceli Elizondo-Álvarez Alejandro Uribe-Salas Simón Bello-Teodoro |
| author_facet | Martha Araceli Elizondo-Álvarez Alejandro Uribe-Salas Simón Bello-Teodoro |
| author_sort | Martha Araceli Elizondo-Álvarez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Currently there is a wide variety of collectors used in mineral processing, the xanthates being the most used in sulfides flotation. Unfortunately, it is known that xanthates are not stable compounds and their decomposition generates carbon disulfide (CS2), a substance that is considered toxic. These aspects have motivated the search for collectors that exhibit superior performance without the health, safety and environmental (HSE) concerns associated with xanthates. In this study, the chemical stability of three xanthates of different alkyl groups (sodium ethyl xanthate (SEX), sodium isopropyl xanthate (SIPX) and potassium amyl xanthate (PAX)) was evaluated by UV/Vis spectroscopy, as a function of pH and time. Similarly, the chemical stability of three chelating collectors was evaluated: sodium di-isobutyl dithiophosphinate (SDIBDTPI), benzohydroxamic acid (BHA) and octanohydroxamic acid (OHA). Likewise, the surface tension of their aqueous solutions was measured making use of the Du Noüy method, to determine the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The results showed that the xanthate UV/Vis absorption spectra reflect the presence of a chemical reaction as the pH decreases from 4 to 2.5, which results in the formation of carbon disulfide (CS2). In addition, the generation of CS2 is favored as time elapses and the pH of the solutions decreases from 10 to 6, regardless of the hydrocarbon chain length. Conversely, dithiophosphinate and hydroxamic acids present greater chemical stability, although they form micelles at a certain concentration (CMC), a phenomenon that is not observed with xanthates. By not hydrolyzing, oxidizing, or decomposing into other chemical species, SDIBDTPI, BHA, and OHA may be considered environmentally friendly reagents. In the above context, it is important to promote the adoption of these collectors in mineral processing. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-18T01:34:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3be293f46b8f4ec280d1b1d9ed7803a7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0147-6513 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-18T01:34:52Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |
| spelling | doaj.art-3be293f46b8f4ec280d1b1d9ed7803a72022-12-21T21:25:28ZengElsevierEcotoxicology and Environmental Safety0147-65132021-01-01207111509Chemical stability of xanthates, dithiophosphinates and hydroxamic acids in aqueous solutions and their environmental implicationsMartha Araceli Elizondo-Álvarez0Alejandro Uribe-Salas1Simón Bello-Teodoro2Department of Metallurgy, CINVESTAV-IPN, Unidad Saltillo, Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila 25900, Mexico; Corresponding author.Department of Metallurgy, CINVESTAV-IPN, Unidad Saltillo, Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila 25900, MexicoUnidad Académica de Ingeniería I, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas “Francisco García Salinas”, Av. López Velarde 801, Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98000, MexicoCurrently there is a wide variety of collectors used in mineral processing, the xanthates being the most used in sulfides flotation. Unfortunately, it is known that xanthates are not stable compounds and their decomposition generates carbon disulfide (CS2), a substance that is considered toxic. These aspects have motivated the search for collectors that exhibit superior performance without the health, safety and environmental (HSE) concerns associated with xanthates. In this study, the chemical stability of three xanthates of different alkyl groups (sodium ethyl xanthate (SEX), sodium isopropyl xanthate (SIPX) and potassium amyl xanthate (PAX)) was evaluated by UV/Vis spectroscopy, as a function of pH and time. Similarly, the chemical stability of three chelating collectors was evaluated: sodium di-isobutyl dithiophosphinate (SDIBDTPI), benzohydroxamic acid (BHA) and octanohydroxamic acid (OHA). Likewise, the surface tension of their aqueous solutions was measured making use of the Du Noüy method, to determine the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The results showed that the xanthate UV/Vis absorption spectra reflect the presence of a chemical reaction as the pH decreases from 4 to 2.5, which results in the formation of carbon disulfide (CS2). In addition, the generation of CS2 is favored as time elapses and the pH of the solutions decreases from 10 to 6, regardless of the hydrocarbon chain length. Conversely, dithiophosphinate and hydroxamic acids present greater chemical stability, although they form micelles at a certain concentration (CMC), a phenomenon that is not observed with xanthates. By not hydrolyzing, oxidizing, or decomposing into other chemical species, SDIBDTPI, BHA, and OHA may be considered environmentally friendly reagents. In the above context, it is important to promote the adoption of these collectors in mineral processing.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651320313464XanthateCarbon disulfideHydroxamic acidsMicelles |
| spellingShingle | Martha Araceli Elizondo-Álvarez Alejandro Uribe-Salas Simón Bello-Teodoro Chemical stability of xanthates, dithiophosphinates and hydroxamic acids in aqueous solutions and their environmental implications Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Xanthate Carbon disulfide Hydroxamic acids Micelles |
| title | Chemical stability of xanthates, dithiophosphinates and hydroxamic acids in aqueous solutions and their environmental implications |
| title_full | Chemical stability of xanthates, dithiophosphinates and hydroxamic acids in aqueous solutions and their environmental implications |
| title_fullStr | Chemical stability of xanthates, dithiophosphinates and hydroxamic acids in aqueous solutions and their environmental implications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chemical stability of xanthates, dithiophosphinates and hydroxamic acids in aqueous solutions and their environmental implications |
| title_short | Chemical stability of xanthates, dithiophosphinates and hydroxamic acids in aqueous solutions and their environmental implications |
| title_sort | chemical stability of xanthates dithiophosphinates and hydroxamic acids in aqueous solutions and their environmental implications |
| topic | Xanthate Carbon disulfide Hydroxamic acids Micelles |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651320313464 |
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