The ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus: watchdog of whole-body glucose homeostasis
Abstract The brain, particularly the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH), has been long known for its involvement in glucose sensing and whole-body glucose homeostasis. However, it is still not fully understood how the brain detects and responds to the changes in the circulating glucose levels,...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Cell & Bioscience |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13578-022-00799-2 |
| _version_ | 1811324484499537920 |
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| author | Longlong Tu Makoto Fukuda Qingchun Tong Yong Xu |
| author_facet | Longlong Tu Makoto Fukuda Qingchun Tong Yong Xu |
| author_sort | Longlong Tu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The brain, particularly the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH), has been long known for its involvement in glucose sensing and whole-body glucose homeostasis. However, it is still not fully understood how the brain detects and responds to the changes in the circulating glucose levels, as well as brain-body coordinated control of glucose homeostasis. In this review, we address the growing evidence implicating the brain in glucose homeostasis, especially in the contexts of hypoglycemia and diabetes. In addition to neurons, we emphasize the potential roles played by non-neuronal cells, as well as extracellular matrix in the hypothalamus in whole-body glucose homeostasis. Further, we review the ionic mechanisms by which glucose-sensing neurons sense fluctuations of ambient glucose levels. We also introduce the significant implications of heterogeneous neurons in the VMH upon glucose sensing and whole-body glucose homeostasis, in which sex difference is also addressed. Meanwhile, research gaps have also been identified, which necessities further mechanistic studies in future. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T14:15:07Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3be4636ba67d420aa21b1e828676d41d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2045-3701 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T14:15:07Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cell & Bioscience |
| spelling | doaj.art-3be4636ba67d420aa21b1e828676d41d2022-12-22T02:43:39ZengBMCCell & Bioscience2045-37012022-05-0112111710.1186/s13578-022-00799-2The ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus: watchdog of whole-body glucose homeostasisLonglong Tu0Makoto Fukuda1Qingchun Tong2Yong Xu3USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of MedicineUSDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of MedicineBrown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonUSDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of MedicineAbstract The brain, particularly the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH), has been long known for its involvement in glucose sensing and whole-body glucose homeostasis. However, it is still not fully understood how the brain detects and responds to the changes in the circulating glucose levels, as well as brain-body coordinated control of glucose homeostasis. In this review, we address the growing evidence implicating the brain in glucose homeostasis, especially in the contexts of hypoglycemia and diabetes. In addition to neurons, we emphasize the potential roles played by non-neuronal cells, as well as extracellular matrix in the hypothalamus in whole-body glucose homeostasis. Further, we review the ionic mechanisms by which glucose-sensing neurons sense fluctuations of ambient glucose levels. We also introduce the significant implications of heterogeneous neurons in the VMH upon glucose sensing and whole-body glucose homeostasis, in which sex difference is also addressed. Meanwhile, research gaps have also been identified, which necessities further mechanistic studies in future.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13578-022-00799-2VMHGlucose sensingWhole-body glucose homeostasisCounterregulatory responseHypoglycemiaDiabetes |
| spellingShingle | Longlong Tu Makoto Fukuda Qingchun Tong Yong Xu The ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus: watchdog of whole-body glucose homeostasis Cell & Bioscience VMH Glucose sensing Whole-body glucose homeostasis Counterregulatory response Hypoglycemia Diabetes |
| title | The ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus: watchdog of whole-body glucose homeostasis |
| title_full | The ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus: watchdog of whole-body glucose homeostasis |
| title_fullStr | The ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus: watchdog of whole-body glucose homeostasis |
| title_full_unstemmed | The ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus: watchdog of whole-body glucose homeostasis |
| title_short | The ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus: watchdog of whole-body glucose homeostasis |
| title_sort | ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus watchdog of whole body glucose homeostasis |
| topic | VMH Glucose sensing Whole-body glucose homeostasis Counterregulatory response Hypoglycemia Diabetes |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13578-022-00799-2 |
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