Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Neurological Disorders: A Focus on Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Hematopoietic stem cells have been investigated and applied for the treatment of certain neurological disorders for a long time. Currently, their therapeutic potential is harnessed in autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Autologous HSCT is helpful in immune-media...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2022.895511/full |
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| author | Pedro de Vasconcelos João F. Lacerda João F. Lacerda |
| author_facet | Pedro de Vasconcelos João F. Lacerda João F. Lacerda |
| author_sort | Pedro de Vasconcelos |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hematopoietic stem cells have been investigated and applied for the treatment of certain neurological disorders for a long time. Currently, their therapeutic potential is harnessed in autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Autologous HSCT is helpful in immune-mediated neurological diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis. However, clinical benefits derive more from the immunosuppressive conditioning regimen than the interaction between stem cells and the nervous system. Mainly used for hematologic malignancies, allogeneic HSCT explores the therapeutic potential of donor-derived hematopoietic stem cells. In the neurological setting, it has proven to be most valuable in Inborn Errors of Metabolism, a large spectrum of multisystem disorders characterized by congenital deficiencies in enzymes involved in metabolic pathways. Inborn Errors of Metabolism such as X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy present with brain accumulation of enzymatic substrates that result in progressive inflammatory demyelination. Allogeneic HSCT can halt ongoing inflammatory neural destruction by replacing hematopoietic-originated microglia with donor-derived myeloid precursors. Microglia, the only neural cells successfully transplanted thus far, are the most valuable source of central nervous system metabolic correction and play a significant role in the crosstalk between the brain and hematopoietic stem cells. After transplantation, engrafted donor-derived myeloid cells modulate the neural microenvironment by recapitulating microglial functions and enhancing repair mechanisms such as remyelination. In some disorders, additional benefits result from the donor hematopoietic stem cell secretome that cross-corrects neighboring neural cells via mannose-6-phosphatase paracrine pathways. The limitations of allogeneic HSCT in this setting relate to the slow turnover of microglia and complications such as graft-vs.-host disease. These restraints have accelerated the development of hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy, where autologous hematopoietic stem cells are collected, manipulated ex vivo to overexpress the missing enzyme, and infused back into the patient. With this cellular drug vehicle strategy, the brain is populated by improved cells and exposed to supraphysiological levels of the flawed protein, resulting in metabolic correction. This review focuses on the mechanisms of brain repair resulting from HSCT and gene therapy in Inborn Errors of Metabolism. A brief mention will also be made on immune-mediated nervous system diseases that are treated with this approach. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T10:45:29Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3c0d7d5dc8de43f0842c50f42b1d1ed6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1662-5102 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T10:45:29Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience |
| spelling | doaj.art-3c0d7d5dc8de43f0842c50f42b1d1ed62022-12-22T00:26:54ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience1662-51022022-05-011610.3389/fncel.2022.895511895511Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Neurological Disorders: A Focus on Inborn Errors of MetabolismPedro de Vasconcelos0João F. Lacerda1João F. Lacerda2Serviço de Hematologia e Transplantação de Medula, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, PortugalServiço de Hematologia e Transplantação de Medula, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, PortugalJLacerda Lab, Hematology and Transplantation Immunology, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, PortugalHematopoietic stem cells have been investigated and applied for the treatment of certain neurological disorders for a long time. Currently, their therapeutic potential is harnessed in autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Autologous HSCT is helpful in immune-mediated neurological diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis. However, clinical benefits derive more from the immunosuppressive conditioning regimen than the interaction between stem cells and the nervous system. Mainly used for hematologic malignancies, allogeneic HSCT explores the therapeutic potential of donor-derived hematopoietic stem cells. In the neurological setting, it has proven to be most valuable in Inborn Errors of Metabolism, a large spectrum of multisystem disorders characterized by congenital deficiencies in enzymes involved in metabolic pathways. Inborn Errors of Metabolism such as X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy present with brain accumulation of enzymatic substrates that result in progressive inflammatory demyelination. Allogeneic HSCT can halt ongoing inflammatory neural destruction by replacing hematopoietic-originated microglia with donor-derived myeloid precursors. Microglia, the only neural cells successfully transplanted thus far, are the most valuable source of central nervous system metabolic correction and play a significant role in the crosstalk between the brain and hematopoietic stem cells. After transplantation, engrafted donor-derived myeloid cells modulate the neural microenvironment by recapitulating microglial functions and enhancing repair mechanisms such as remyelination. In some disorders, additional benefits result from the donor hematopoietic stem cell secretome that cross-corrects neighboring neural cells via mannose-6-phosphatase paracrine pathways. The limitations of allogeneic HSCT in this setting relate to the slow turnover of microglia and complications such as graft-vs.-host disease. These restraints have accelerated the development of hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy, where autologous hematopoietic stem cells are collected, manipulated ex vivo to overexpress the missing enzyme, and infused back into the patient. With this cellular drug vehicle strategy, the brain is populated by improved cells and exposed to supraphysiological levels of the flawed protein, resulting in metabolic correction. This review focuses on the mechanisms of brain repair resulting from HSCT and gene therapy in Inborn Errors of Metabolism. A brief mention will also be made on immune-mediated nervous system diseases that are treated with this approach.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2022.895511/fullhematopoietic stem cell transplantationhematopoietic stem cell gene therapyneurological disorderleukodystrophydemyelination diseasesmicroglia |
| spellingShingle | Pedro de Vasconcelos João F. Lacerda João F. Lacerda Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Neurological Disorders: A Focus on Inborn Errors of Metabolism Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience hematopoietic stem cell transplantation hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy neurological disorder leukodystrophy demyelination diseases microglia |
| title | Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Neurological Disorders: A Focus on Inborn Errors of Metabolism |
| title_full | Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Neurological Disorders: A Focus on Inborn Errors of Metabolism |
| title_fullStr | Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Neurological Disorders: A Focus on Inborn Errors of Metabolism |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Neurological Disorders: A Focus on Inborn Errors of Metabolism |
| title_short | Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Neurological Disorders: A Focus on Inborn Errors of Metabolism |
| title_sort | hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for neurological disorders a focus on inborn errors of metabolism |
| topic | hematopoietic stem cell transplantation hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy neurological disorder leukodystrophy demyelination diseases microglia |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2022.895511/full |
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