Amalgamation and small-scale gold mining in the ancient Andes
In 1532, the volume of gold provided by Atahualpa, the Inka king, as ransom for his release from the Spanish was hard evidence for the efficient small-scale gold mining that took place before European contact and the number of gold occurrences in the Andes. At Huancavelica, Perú, mercury occurs as a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | Spanish |
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Institut Français d'Études Andines
2011-07-01
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| Series: | Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Études Andines |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://journals.openedition.org/bifea/1471 |
| _version_ | 1797308065584775168 |
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| author | William E. Brooks Gabriela Schwörbel Luis Enrique Castillo |
| author_facet | William E. Brooks Gabriela Schwörbel Luis Enrique Castillo |
| author_sort | William E. Brooks |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In 1532, the volume of gold provided by Atahualpa, the Inka king, as ransom for his release from the Spanish was hard evidence for the efficient small-scale gold mining that took place before European contact and the number of gold occurrences in the Andes. At Huancavelica, Perú, mercury occurs as a native metal and as cinnabar [HgS], which was used for pigments, funeral preparations, and retorted to obtain mercury. Using Inductively Coupled Plasma analysis (ICP), an average of 15 ppm (parts per million) mercury was found in the gold after the gold-mercury amalgam, with more than 300 000 ppm mercury, was burned to volatilize (rogado) the mercury. From 12,3 to 13,9 ppm mercury was found in worked gold foils from Huaca la Ventana, a Middle Sicán (A. D. 900-1200) site at Lambayeque, Perú and low levels of mercury were found in pre-contact gold foils from Colombia (1-12 ppm). Similarly low levels of mercury in the analyses of modern refogado gold and pre-contact gold foils are consistent with a comparable, ancient small-scale mining technology that would have used mercury to amalgamate the fine-grained gold; and then, as now, burning the amalgam to volatilize the mercury and beautify and recover the gold. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T01:06:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3c3f0ca04c2840bdb79c7a858d3f1ca0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0303-7495 2076-5827 |
| language | Spanish |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T01:06:17Z |
| publishDate | 2011-07-01 |
| publisher | Institut Français d'Études Andines |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Études Andines |
| spelling | doaj.art-3c3f0ca04c2840bdb79c7a858d3f1ca02024-02-14T16:32:35ZspaInstitut Français d'Études AndinesBulletin de l'Institut Français d'Études Andines0303-74952076-58272011-07-014033334710.4000/bifea.1471Amalgamation and small-scale gold mining in the ancient AndesWilliam E. BrooksGabriela SchwörbelLuis Enrique CastilloIn 1532, the volume of gold provided by Atahualpa, the Inka king, as ransom for his release from the Spanish was hard evidence for the efficient small-scale gold mining that took place before European contact and the number of gold occurrences in the Andes. At Huancavelica, Perú, mercury occurs as a native metal and as cinnabar [HgS], which was used for pigments, funeral preparations, and retorted to obtain mercury. Using Inductively Coupled Plasma analysis (ICP), an average of 15 ppm (parts per million) mercury was found in the gold after the gold-mercury amalgam, with more than 300 000 ppm mercury, was burned to volatilize (rogado) the mercury. From 12,3 to 13,9 ppm mercury was found in worked gold foils from Huaca la Ventana, a Middle Sicán (A. D. 900-1200) site at Lambayeque, Perú and low levels of mercury were found in pre-contact gold foils from Colombia (1-12 ppm). Similarly low levels of mercury in the analyses of modern refogado gold and pre-contact gold foils are consistent with a comparable, ancient small-scale mining technology that would have used mercury to amalgamate the fine-grained gold; and then, as now, burning the amalgam to volatilize the mercury and beautify and recover the gold.https://journals.openedition.org/bifea/1471mercuryAndesamalgamationsmall-scale gold mining |
| spellingShingle | William E. Brooks Gabriela Schwörbel Luis Enrique Castillo Amalgamation and small-scale gold mining in the ancient Andes Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Études Andines mercury Andes amalgamation small-scale gold mining |
| title | Amalgamation and small-scale gold mining in the ancient Andes |
| title_full | Amalgamation and small-scale gold mining in the ancient Andes |
| title_fullStr | Amalgamation and small-scale gold mining in the ancient Andes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Amalgamation and small-scale gold mining in the ancient Andes |
| title_short | Amalgamation and small-scale gold mining in the ancient Andes |
| title_sort | amalgamation and small scale gold mining in the ancient andes |
| topic | mercury Andes amalgamation small-scale gold mining |
| url | https://journals.openedition.org/bifea/1471 |
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