Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to Pathology
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral arthropod infection, endemic to large parts of Europe and Asia, and is characterised by neurological involvement, which can range from mild to severe, and in 33–60% of cases, it leads to a post-encephalitis syndrome and long-term morbidity. While TBE virus, n...
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-10-01
|
| Series: | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/21/6859 |
| _version_ | 1797631710401134592 |
|---|---|
| author | Dominic Adam Worku |
| author_facet | Dominic Adam Worku |
| author_sort | Dominic Adam Worku |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral arthropod infection, endemic to large parts of Europe and Asia, and is characterised by neurological involvement, which can range from mild to severe, and in 33–60% of cases, it leads to a post-encephalitis syndrome and long-term morbidity. While TBE virus, now identified as <i>Orthoflavivirus encephalitidis</i>, was originally isolated in 1937, the pathogenesis of TBE is not fully appreciated with the mode of transmission (blood, tick, alimentary), viral strain, host immune response, and age, likely helping to shape the disease phenotype that we explore in this review. Importantly, the incidence of TBE is increasing, and due to global warming, its epidemiology is evolving, with new foci of transmission reported across Europe and in the UK. As such, a better understanding of the symptomatology, diagnostics, treatment, and prevention of TBE is required to inform healthcare professionals going forward, which this review addresses in detail. To this end, the need for robust national surveillance data and randomised control trial data regarding the use of various antivirals (e.g., Galidesivir and 7-deaza-2′-CMA), monoclonal antibodies, and glucocorticoids is required to improve the management and outcomes of TBE. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T11:26:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3c47b7fc63f44bb2a308466a54208986 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0383 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T11:26:06Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-3c47b7fc63f44bb2a308466a542089862023-11-10T15:06:43ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832023-10-011221685910.3390/jcm12216859Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to PathologyDominic Adam Worku0Infectious Diseases, Morriston Hospital, Heol Maes Eglwys, Morriston, Swansea SA6 6NL, UKTick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral arthropod infection, endemic to large parts of Europe and Asia, and is characterised by neurological involvement, which can range from mild to severe, and in 33–60% of cases, it leads to a post-encephalitis syndrome and long-term morbidity. While TBE virus, now identified as <i>Orthoflavivirus encephalitidis</i>, was originally isolated in 1937, the pathogenesis of TBE is not fully appreciated with the mode of transmission (blood, tick, alimentary), viral strain, host immune response, and age, likely helping to shape the disease phenotype that we explore in this review. Importantly, the incidence of TBE is increasing, and due to global warming, its epidemiology is evolving, with new foci of transmission reported across Europe and in the UK. As such, a better understanding of the symptomatology, diagnostics, treatment, and prevention of TBE is required to inform healthcare professionals going forward, which this review addresses in detail. To this end, the need for robust national surveillance data and randomised control trial data regarding the use of various antivirals (e.g., Galidesivir and 7-deaza-2′-CMA), monoclonal antibodies, and glucocorticoids is required to improve the management and outcomes of TBE.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/21/6859TBEencephalitisorthoflavivirusesneurovirulencediagnosispresentation |
| spellingShingle | Dominic Adam Worku Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to Pathology Journal of Clinical Medicine TBE encephalitis orthoflaviviruses neurovirulence diagnosis presentation |
| title | Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to Pathology |
| title_full | Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to Pathology |
| title_fullStr | Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to Pathology |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to Pathology |
| title_short | Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to Pathology |
| title_sort | tick borne encephalitis tbe from tick to pathology |
| topic | TBE encephalitis orthoflaviviruses neurovirulence diagnosis presentation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/21/6859 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dominicadamworku tickborneencephalitistbefromticktopathology |