Reversed and increased functional connectivity in non-REM sleep suggests an altered rather than reduced state of consciousness relative to wake
Abstract Sleep resting state network (RSN) functional connectivity (FC) is poorly understood, particularly for rapid eye movement (REM), and in non-sleep deprived subjects. REM and non-REM (NREM) sleep involve competing drives; towards hypersynchronous cortical oscillations in NREM; and towards wake...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Nature Portfolio
2021-06-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91211-5 |
| _version_ | 1818422115323346944 |
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| author | Evan Houldin Zhuo Fang Laura B. Ray Bobby Stojanoski Adrian M. Owen Stuart M. Fogel |
| author_facet | Evan Houldin Zhuo Fang Laura B. Ray Bobby Stojanoski Adrian M. Owen Stuart M. Fogel |
| author_sort | Evan Houldin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Sleep resting state network (RSN) functional connectivity (FC) is poorly understood, particularly for rapid eye movement (REM), and in non-sleep deprived subjects. REM and non-REM (NREM) sleep involve competing drives; towards hypersynchronous cortical oscillations in NREM; and towards wake-like desynchronized oscillations in REM. This study employed simultaneous electroencephalography-functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI) to explore whether sleep RSN FC reflects these opposing drives. As hypothesized, this was confirmed for the majority of functional connections modulated by sleep. Further, changes were directional: e.g., positive wake correlations trended towards negative correlations in NREM and back towards positive correlations in REM. Moreover, the majority did not merely reduce magnitude, but actually either reversed and strengthened in the opposite direction, or increased in magnitude during NREM. This finding supports the notion that NREM is best expressed as having altered, rather than reduced FC. Further, as many of these functional connections comprised “higher-order” RSNs (which have been previously linked to cognition and consciousness), such as the default mode network, this finding is suggestive of possibly concomitant alterations to cognition and consciousness. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T13:21:07Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3c494a7b6c274822b80d1836e465ca52 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T13:21:07Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj.art-3c494a7b6c274822b80d1836e465ca522022-12-21T22:59:55ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222021-06-0111111510.1038/s41598-021-91211-5Reversed and increased functional connectivity in non-REM sleep suggests an altered rather than reduced state of consciousness relative to wakeEvan Houldin0Zhuo Fang1Laura B. Ray2Bobby Stojanoski3Adrian M. Owen4Stuart M. Fogel5Brain & Mind Institute, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, Western UniversityBrain & Mind Institute, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, Western UniversityBrain & Mind Institute, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, Western UniversityBrain & Mind Institute, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, Western UniversityBrain & Mind Institute, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, Western UniversityBrain & Mind Institute, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, Western UniversityAbstract Sleep resting state network (RSN) functional connectivity (FC) is poorly understood, particularly for rapid eye movement (REM), and in non-sleep deprived subjects. REM and non-REM (NREM) sleep involve competing drives; towards hypersynchronous cortical oscillations in NREM; and towards wake-like desynchronized oscillations in REM. This study employed simultaneous electroencephalography-functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI) to explore whether sleep RSN FC reflects these opposing drives. As hypothesized, this was confirmed for the majority of functional connections modulated by sleep. Further, changes were directional: e.g., positive wake correlations trended towards negative correlations in NREM and back towards positive correlations in REM. Moreover, the majority did not merely reduce magnitude, but actually either reversed and strengthened in the opposite direction, or increased in magnitude during NREM. This finding supports the notion that NREM is best expressed as having altered, rather than reduced FC. Further, as many of these functional connections comprised “higher-order” RSNs (which have been previously linked to cognition and consciousness), such as the default mode network, this finding is suggestive of possibly concomitant alterations to cognition and consciousness.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91211-5 |
| spellingShingle | Evan Houldin Zhuo Fang Laura B. Ray Bobby Stojanoski Adrian M. Owen Stuart M. Fogel Reversed and increased functional connectivity in non-REM sleep suggests an altered rather than reduced state of consciousness relative to wake Scientific Reports |
| title | Reversed and increased functional connectivity in non-REM sleep suggests an altered rather than reduced state of consciousness relative to wake |
| title_full | Reversed and increased functional connectivity in non-REM sleep suggests an altered rather than reduced state of consciousness relative to wake |
| title_fullStr | Reversed and increased functional connectivity in non-REM sleep suggests an altered rather than reduced state of consciousness relative to wake |
| title_full_unstemmed | Reversed and increased functional connectivity in non-REM sleep suggests an altered rather than reduced state of consciousness relative to wake |
| title_short | Reversed and increased functional connectivity in non-REM sleep suggests an altered rather than reduced state of consciousness relative to wake |
| title_sort | reversed and increased functional connectivity in non rem sleep suggests an altered rather than reduced state of consciousness relative to wake |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91211-5 |
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