Potential Utilization of Ground Eggshells as a Biofiller for Natural Rubber Biocomposites
The aim of this work was application of ground eggshells in various amounts by weight as a biofiller for natural rubber (NR) biocomposites. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), ionic liquids (ILs), i.e., 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmiCl) and 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (DmiBr),...
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MDPI AG
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/8/2988 |
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| author | Anna Sowińska-Baranowska Magdalena Maciejewska |
| author_facet | Anna Sowińska-Baranowska Magdalena Maciejewska |
| author_sort | Anna Sowińska-Baranowska |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The aim of this work was application of ground eggshells in various amounts by weight as a biofiller for natural rubber (NR) biocomposites. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), ionic liquids (ILs), i.e., 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmiCl) and 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (DmiBr), and silanes, i.e., (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (APTES) and bis [3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl] tetrasulfide (TESPTS), were used to increase the activity of ground eggshells in the elastomer matrix and to ameliorate the cure characteristics and properties of NR biocomposites. The influence of ground eggshells, CTAB, ILs, and silanes on the crosslink density, mechanical properties, and thermal stability of NR vulcanizates and their resistance to prolonged thermo-oxidation were explored. The amount of eggshells affected the curing characteristics and crosslink density of the rubber composites and therefore their tensile properties. Vulcanizates filled with eggshells demonstrated higher crosslink density than the unfilled sample by approximately 30%, whereas CTAB and ILs increased the crosslink density by 40–60% compared to the benchmark. Owing to the enhanced crosslink density and uniform dispersion of ground eggshells, vulcanizates containing CTAB and ILs exhibited tensile strength improved by approximately 20% compared to those without these additives. Moreover, the hardness of these vulcanizates was increased by 35–42%. Application of both the biofiller and the tested additives did not significantly affect the thermal stability of cured NR compared to the unfilled benchmark. Most importantly, the eggshell-filled vulcanizates showed improved resistance to thermo-oxidative aging compared to the unfilled NR. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:48:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3c756b31aff34536a835e863182672c0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:48:27Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-3c756b31aff34536a835e863182672c02023-11-17T20:11:26ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442023-04-01168298810.3390/ma16082988Potential Utilization of Ground Eggshells as a Biofiller for Natural Rubber BiocompositesAnna Sowińska-Baranowska0Magdalena Maciejewska1Department of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 16, 90-537 Lodz, PolandDepartment of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 16, 90-537 Lodz, PolandThe aim of this work was application of ground eggshells in various amounts by weight as a biofiller for natural rubber (NR) biocomposites. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), ionic liquids (ILs), i.e., 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmiCl) and 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (DmiBr), and silanes, i.e., (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (APTES) and bis [3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl] tetrasulfide (TESPTS), were used to increase the activity of ground eggshells in the elastomer matrix and to ameliorate the cure characteristics and properties of NR biocomposites. The influence of ground eggshells, CTAB, ILs, and silanes on the crosslink density, mechanical properties, and thermal stability of NR vulcanizates and their resistance to prolonged thermo-oxidation were explored. The amount of eggshells affected the curing characteristics and crosslink density of the rubber composites and therefore their tensile properties. Vulcanizates filled with eggshells demonstrated higher crosslink density than the unfilled sample by approximately 30%, whereas CTAB and ILs increased the crosslink density by 40–60% compared to the benchmark. Owing to the enhanced crosslink density and uniform dispersion of ground eggshells, vulcanizates containing CTAB and ILs exhibited tensile strength improved by approximately 20% compared to those without these additives. Moreover, the hardness of these vulcanizates was increased by 35–42%. Application of both the biofiller and the tested additives did not significantly affect the thermal stability of cured NR compared to the unfilled benchmark. Most importantly, the eggshell-filled vulcanizates showed improved resistance to thermo-oxidative aging compared to the unfilled NR.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/8/2988biocompositesnatural rubberbiofillerseggshellssilanesionic liquids |
| spellingShingle | Anna Sowińska-Baranowska Magdalena Maciejewska Potential Utilization of Ground Eggshells as a Biofiller for Natural Rubber Biocomposites Materials biocomposites natural rubber biofillers eggshells silanes ionic liquids |
| title | Potential Utilization of Ground Eggshells as a Biofiller for Natural Rubber Biocomposites |
| title_full | Potential Utilization of Ground Eggshells as a Biofiller for Natural Rubber Biocomposites |
| title_fullStr | Potential Utilization of Ground Eggshells as a Biofiller for Natural Rubber Biocomposites |
| title_full_unstemmed | Potential Utilization of Ground Eggshells as a Biofiller for Natural Rubber Biocomposites |
| title_short | Potential Utilization of Ground Eggshells as a Biofiller for Natural Rubber Biocomposites |
| title_sort | potential utilization of ground eggshells as a biofiller for natural rubber biocomposites |
| topic | biocomposites natural rubber biofillers eggshells silanes ionic liquids |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/8/2988 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT annasowinskabaranowska potentialutilizationofgroundeggshellsasabiofillerfornaturalrubberbiocomposites AT magdalenamaciejewska potentialutilizationofgroundeggshellsasabiofillerfornaturalrubberbiocomposites |