Phylogeographic and population insights of the Asian common toad (Bufo gargarizans) in Korea and China: population isolation and expansions as response to the ice ages
The effects of ice ages on speciation have been well documented for many European and North American taxa. In contrast, very few studies have addressed the consequences of such environmental and topographical changes in North East Asian species. More precisely, the Korean Peninsula offers a unique m...
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PeerJ Inc.
2017-11-01
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| Online Access: | https://peerj.com/articles/4044.pdf |
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| author | Amaël Borzée Joana L. Santos Santiago Sánchez-RamÍrez Yoonhyuk Bae Kyongman Heo Yikweon Jang Michael Joseph Jowers |
| author_facet | Amaël Borzée Joana L. Santos Santiago Sánchez-RamÍrez Yoonhyuk Bae Kyongman Heo Yikweon Jang Michael Joseph Jowers |
| author_sort | Amaël Borzée |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The effects of ice ages on speciation have been well documented for many European and North American taxa. In contrast, very few studies have addressed the consequences of such environmental and topographical changes in North East Asian species. More precisely, the Korean Peninsula offers a unique model to assess patterns and processes of speciation as it hosts the northern- and eastern-most distribution limit of some widespread Asian taxa. Despite this, studies addressing phylogeographic patterns and population genetics in the peninsula and surrounding countries are few and studies for most families are lacking. Here we inferred the phylogenetic relationships of the common toad (Bufo gargarizans) from South Korea and their North East Asian counterpart populations, based on mitochondrial data. Korean B. gargarizans GenBank BLASTs matched few individuals from nearby China, but the presence of a Korean clade suggests isolation on the Korean Peninsula, previous to the last glacial maximum, linked to sea level resurgence. Molecular clock calibrations within this group were used to date the divergence between clades and their relationship to paleo-climatic events in the area. Lack of genetic structure among South Korean populations and strong homogeneity between the Korean and some Chinese localities suggest weak isolation and recent expansion. Geographical projection of continuous coalescent maximum-clade-credibility trees shows an original Chinese expansion towards the Korean Peninsula through the Yellow Sea circa two million years ago with colonisation events dating circa 800 thousand years ago (K. y. a.). Following this colonisation, the data point to outgoing Korean Peninsula dispersal events throughout different periods, towards the North through land, and West through land bridge formations over the Yellow Sea during sea level falls. In accordance, demographic analyses revealed a population expansion in the Koran Peninsula circa 300 K. y. a., likely attributed to glacial cycle fluctuations. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:26:45Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2167-8359 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:26:45Z |
| publishDate | 2017-11-01 |
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| series | PeerJ |
| spelling | doaj.art-3c7695e9166d4a6a8cdd5010e5afc6ec2023-12-03T11:18:19ZengPeerJ Inc.PeerJ2167-83592017-11-015e404410.7717/peerj.4044Phylogeographic and population insights of the Asian common toad (Bufo gargarizans) in Korea and China: population isolation and expansions as response to the ice agesAmaël Borzée0Joana L. Santos1Santiago Sánchez-RamÍrez2Yoonhyuk Bae3Kyongman Heo4Yikweon Jang5Michael Joseph Jowers6Laboratory of Behavioural Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South KoreaCIBIO/InBIO (Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos), Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrario De Vairão, PortugalDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CanadaAcademy of Life Science and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South KoreaCollege of Natural Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Life Sciences, Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South KoreaCIBIO/InBIO (Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos), Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrario De Vairão, PortugalThe effects of ice ages on speciation have been well documented for many European and North American taxa. In contrast, very few studies have addressed the consequences of such environmental and topographical changes in North East Asian species. More precisely, the Korean Peninsula offers a unique model to assess patterns and processes of speciation as it hosts the northern- and eastern-most distribution limit of some widespread Asian taxa. Despite this, studies addressing phylogeographic patterns and population genetics in the peninsula and surrounding countries are few and studies for most families are lacking. Here we inferred the phylogenetic relationships of the common toad (Bufo gargarizans) from South Korea and their North East Asian counterpart populations, based on mitochondrial data. Korean B. gargarizans GenBank BLASTs matched few individuals from nearby China, but the presence of a Korean clade suggests isolation on the Korean Peninsula, previous to the last glacial maximum, linked to sea level resurgence. Molecular clock calibrations within this group were used to date the divergence between clades and their relationship to paleo-climatic events in the area. Lack of genetic structure among South Korean populations and strong homogeneity between the Korean and some Chinese localities suggest weak isolation and recent expansion. Geographical projection of continuous coalescent maximum-clade-credibility trees shows an original Chinese expansion towards the Korean Peninsula through the Yellow Sea circa two million years ago with colonisation events dating circa 800 thousand years ago (K. y. a.). Following this colonisation, the data point to outgoing Korean Peninsula dispersal events throughout different periods, towards the North through land, and West through land bridge formations over the Yellow Sea during sea level falls. In accordance, demographic analyses revealed a population expansion in the Koran Peninsula circa 300 K. y. a., likely attributed to glacial cycle fluctuations.https://peerj.com/articles/4044.pdfPhylogeographyBufo gargarizansKoreaAsiaChinaCommon Asian toad |
| spellingShingle | Amaël Borzée Joana L. Santos Santiago Sánchez-RamÍrez Yoonhyuk Bae Kyongman Heo Yikweon Jang Michael Joseph Jowers Phylogeographic and population insights of the Asian common toad (Bufo gargarizans) in Korea and China: population isolation and expansions as response to the ice ages PeerJ Phylogeography Bufo gargarizans Korea Asia China Common Asian toad |
| title | Phylogeographic and population insights of the Asian common toad (Bufo gargarizans) in Korea and China: population isolation and expansions as response to the ice ages |
| title_full | Phylogeographic and population insights of the Asian common toad (Bufo gargarizans) in Korea and China: population isolation and expansions as response to the ice ages |
| title_fullStr | Phylogeographic and population insights of the Asian common toad (Bufo gargarizans) in Korea and China: population isolation and expansions as response to the ice ages |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phylogeographic and population insights of the Asian common toad (Bufo gargarizans) in Korea and China: population isolation and expansions as response to the ice ages |
| title_short | Phylogeographic and population insights of the Asian common toad (Bufo gargarizans) in Korea and China: population isolation and expansions as response to the ice ages |
| title_sort | phylogeographic and population insights of the asian common toad bufo gargarizans in korea and china population isolation and expansions as response to the ice ages |
| topic | Phylogeography Bufo gargarizans Korea Asia China Common Asian toad |
| url | https://peerj.com/articles/4044.pdf |
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