Bone health in Norwegian female elite runners: a cross-sectional, controlled study
Objective The primary objective was to compare bone mineral density (BMD) in Norwegian female elite long-distance runners with a control group of inactive females. Secondary objectives were to identify cases of low BMD, to compare the concentration of bone turnover markers, vitamin D and symptoms of...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMJ Publishing Group
2023-02-01
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| Series: | BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine |
| Online Access: | https://bmjopensem.bmj.com/content/9/1/e001472.full |
| _version_ | 1797895332357472256 |
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| author | Trine Stensrud Lene A H Haakstad Jonny Hisdal Karoline Holsen Kyte Andrine Sunde |
| author_facet | Trine Stensrud Lene A H Haakstad Jonny Hisdal Karoline Holsen Kyte Andrine Sunde |
| author_sort | Trine Stensrud |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Objective The primary objective was to compare bone mineral density (BMD) in Norwegian female elite long-distance runners with a control group of inactive females. Secondary objectives were to identify cases of low BMD, to compare the concentration of bone turnover markers, vitamin D and symptoms of low energy availability (LEA) between the groups, and to identify possible associations between BMD and selected variables.Methods Fifteen runners and fifteen controls were included. Assessments included dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurement of BMD in the total body, lumbar spine and dual proximal femur. Blood samples included endocrine analyses and circulating bone turnover markers. The risk of LEA was assessed through a questionnaire.Results Runners had higher Z-scores in the dual proximal femur (1.30 (0.20 to 1.80) vs 0.20 (−0.20 to 0.80), p<0.021) and total body (1.70 (1.20 to 2.30) vs 0.90 (0.80 to 1.00), p<0.001). The lumbar spine Z-score was similar between groups (0.10 (−0.70 to 0.60) vs −0.10(−0.50 to 0.50), p=0.983). Three runners had low BMD (Z-score <−1) in the lumbar spine. Vitamin D and bone turnover markers showed no differences between the groups. Forty-seven per cent of the runners were at risk of LEA. Dual proximal femur BMD showed a positive correlation to estradiol and a negative correlation to LEA symptoms in runners.Conclusion Norwegian female elite runners had higher BMD Z-score in the dual proximal femur and total body compared with controls, while no difference was observed in the lumbar spine. The advantages of long-distance running on bone health seem to be site specific, and there is still a need for the prevention of LEA and menstrual disorders in this group. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-10T07:24:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3c945a285bf241ab96cc965299adf758 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2055-7647 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-10T07:24:55Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | BMJ Publishing Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-3c945a285bf241ab96cc965299adf7582023-02-24T08:00:10ZengBMJ Publishing GroupBMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine2055-76472023-02-019110.1136/bmjsem-2022-001472Bone health in Norwegian female elite runners: a cross-sectional, controlled studyTrine Stensrud0Lene A H Haakstad1Jonny Hisdal2Karoline Holsen Kyte3Andrine Sunde4Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, NorwayInstitute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo Faculty of Medicine, Oslo, NorwayInstitute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo Faculty of Medicine, Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, NorwayObjective The primary objective was to compare bone mineral density (BMD) in Norwegian female elite long-distance runners with a control group of inactive females. Secondary objectives were to identify cases of low BMD, to compare the concentration of bone turnover markers, vitamin D and symptoms of low energy availability (LEA) between the groups, and to identify possible associations between BMD and selected variables.Methods Fifteen runners and fifteen controls were included. Assessments included dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurement of BMD in the total body, lumbar spine and dual proximal femur. Blood samples included endocrine analyses and circulating bone turnover markers. The risk of LEA was assessed through a questionnaire.Results Runners had higher Z-scores in the dual proximal femur (1.30 (0.20 to 1.80) vs 0.20 (−0.20 to 0.80), p<0.021) and total body (1.70 (1.20 to 2.30) vs 0.90 (0.80 to 1.00), p<0.001). The lumbar spine Z-score was similar between groups (0.10 (−0.70 to 0.60) vs −0.10(−0.50 to 0.50), p=0.983). Three runners had low BMD (Z-score <−1) in the lumbar spine. Vitamin D and bone turnover markers showed no differences between the groups. Forty-seven per cent of the runners were at risk of LEA. Dual proximal femur BMD showed a positive correlation to estradiol and a negative correlation to LEA symptoms in runners.Conclusion Norwegian female elite runners had higher BMD Z-score in the dual proximal femur and total body compared with controls, while no difference was observed in the lumbar spine. The advantages of long-distance running on bone health seem to be site specific, and there is still a need for the prevention of LEA and menstrual disorders in this group.https://bmjopensem.bmj.com/content/9/1/e001472.full |
| spellingShingle | Trine Stensrud Lene A H Haakstad Jonny Hisdal Karoline Holsen Kyte Andrine Sunde Bone health in Norwegian female elite runners: a cross-sectional, controlled study BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine |
| title | Bone health in Norwegian female elite runners: a cross-sectional, controlled study |
| title_full | Bone health in Norwegian female elite runners: a cross-sectional, controlled study |
| title_fullStr | Bone health in Norwegian female elite runners: a cross-sectional, controlled study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bone health in Norwegian female elite runners: a cross-sectional, controlled study |
| title_short | Bone health in Norwegian female elite runners: a cross-sectional, controlled study |
| title_sort | bone health in norwegian female elite runners a cross sectional controlled study |
| url | https://bmjopensem.bmj.com/content/9/1/e001472.full |
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